Golongan getih: Béda antarrépisi

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'''Golongan getih''' (atawa '''golongan darah''', atawa '''tipe getih''') maksudna dadaran ciri-ciri [[sél getih beureum]] hiji jalma dumasar jenis zat ([[karbohidrat]] jeung [[protéin]]) dina [[mémbran sél]]na. Klasifikasi golongan getih [[manusa]] pangpentingna nyaéta '''ABO''' jeung '''faktor Rhesus''' (faktor Rh). Aya ogé 46 [[antigén]] lianna, tapi lolobana mah leuwih jarang batan ABO jeung Rh. [[Transfusi getih]] ti golongan nu teu cocog bisa ngabalukarkeun réaksi transfusi [[imunologi]]s mangrupa [[anémia hémolitik]], [[gagal ginjal]], ''[[shock]]'', malah bisa nepi ka [[paéh|maot]]. Golongan getih ABO ogé aya di [[simpanseu]].
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==Principles==
Blood type is determined by the [[antigen]]s ([[epitope]]s) on the surface of a [[red blood cell]]. Some of these are [[protein]]s, while others are proteins with [[polysaccharide]]s attached. The absence of some of these markers leads to production of [[antibody|antibodies]] against this marker. The exact reason why this happens is poorly understood, as generally an antigen needs to be present to elicit an immune response. Administration of the wrong blood type would lead to immediate destruction of the infused blood. The breakdown products cause acute medical illness; hence, it is of vital importance that the correct blood type of the donor and receptor is determined, and their blood properly matched.
 
==Dasar==
Austrian scientist [[Karl Landsteiner]] is widely credited with the discovery of the main blood type system (ABO) in [[1901]]; he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in [[1930]] for his work. Subsequently it was found that Czech serologist [[Jan Janský]] had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in [[1907]], but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by virtually the whole scientific world while Janský remained in relative obscurity. Landsteiner described A, B, and O; Decastrello and Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1907. Landsteiner and [[Alexander S. Wiener]] also discovered the second most important antigen set, the Rhesus system, in 1937 (publishing in 1940).
Golongan getih ditangtukeun ku [[antigén]] ([[épitop]]) dina beungeut [[sél geih beureum]], di antarana aya nu mangrupa protéin, boh nu murni atawa nu meungkeut [[polisakarida]]. Euweuhna marka ieu bakal ngarangsang produksi [[antibodi]] pikeun ngalawan marka ieu. Mun getih nu asup golonganana salah/béda, getih nu diasupkeun bakal geuwat diruksak. Sésa-sésana ieu nu ngabalukarkeun kasakit.
 
Élmuwan Austria [[Karl Landsteiner]] boga jasa gedé tina papanggihanana ngeunaan sistim golongan getih (ABO) taun [[1901]]; anjeunna dileler [[Hadiah Nobel widang Fisiologi jeung Kadokteran]] taun [[1930]]. Sabenerna, taun [[1907]], ahli serologi Céko [[Jan Janský]] sacara mandiri geus mitambeyan klasifikasi getih manusa kana opat golongan, tapi n leuwih diaku mah papanggihan Landsteiner. Landsteiner ngadadarkeun A, B, jeung O; Decastrello jeung Sturli manggihan golongan kaopat, AB, taun 1907. Landsteiner jeung [[Alexander S. Wiener]] lajeng manggihan sét antigén pangpentingna kadua, sistim Rhesus, taun [[1937]] (publikasi taun [[1940]]).
==ABO system==
 
Humans have the following blood types along with their respective [[antigen|antigens]] and [[antibody|antibodies]]:
==Sistim ABO==
<!--Humans have the following blood types along with their respective [[antigen|antigens]] and [[antibody|antibodies]]:
*Individuals with type A blood have red blood cells with antigen A on their surface and produce antibodies against antigen B in their blood serum. Therefore an A-negative person can only receive blood from another A-negative person or from an O-negative person.
*Individuals with type B blood have the opposite arrangement: antigen B on their cells and produce antibodies against antigen A in their serum. Therefore, a B-negative person can only receive blood from another B-negative person or from an O-negative person.
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| ''AB'' || A, B || A, B, AB || A, B, AB || A, B, AB
|}
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==RhesusSistim systemRhesus (CDE)==
<!--Another characteristic of blood is '''Rhesus factor''' or '''Rh factor'''. It is named after the [[Rhesus Macaque|Rhesus monkey]], in which the factor was first identified by [[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Alexander S. Wiener]]. Someone either has or does not have the Rh factor on the surface of their red blood cells. This is indicated as + or -, and the two groups are described as '''Rh positive''' (Rh+) or '''Rh negative''' (Rh-), respectively. This is often combined with the ABO type. Type O+ blood is most common, though in some areas type A prevails, and there are other areas in which as many as 80 percent of the people are type B.
 
Matching the Rhesus factor is very important, as mismatching (an Rh positive donor to an Rh negative recipient) may cause the production in the recipient of an antibody to the Rh(D) antigen, which could lead to subsequent [[hemolysis]]. This is of particular importance in females of or below childbearing age, where any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the antibody produced. For one-off transfusions, particularly in older males, the use of Rh(D) positive blood in an Rh(D) negative individual (who has no atypical red cell antibodies) may be indicated if it is necessary to conserve Rh(D) negative stocks for more appropriate use. The converse is not true: Rh+ patients do not react to Rh- blood.
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|1%
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==Frequency ofFrékuénsi ABO andjeung Rhesus==
<!--Blood types are not evenly distributed throughout the human population. O+ is the most common, AB- is the rarest. There are also variations in blood-type distribution within human subpopulations. The figures given here are for people of European descent.
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| '''AB-''' || 1%
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==OtherGolongan blood typesséjén==
<!--There are 27 other blood type systems that exist to describe the presence or absence of other antigens. Many are named after the patients in whom they were initially encountered. They exist alongside the ABO antigens, and hence one can be A Rh positive but in addition have Kell or Lewis positivity or negativity.
 
* ''Diego'' positive blood is found only among [[East Asia]]ns and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].
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These blood types systems are generally not significant for blood donations, but have applications in [[forensic science]]. A blood type mis-match is powerful evidence for the defence. The blood type systems are more or less independent. This allows for a detailed classification of blood. The most common blood type, considering all the systems, is held by only about 1 in 40. Thus a match across multiple systems can also be useful evidence for the prosecution.
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==BombayFénotipe phenotypeBombay==
<!--The rare individuals with Bombay [[phenotype]] (''hh'') do not express substance H on their red blood cells and therefore do not bind A or B antigens. Instead, they produce antibodies to H substance (which is present on all red cells except those of hh genotype) as well as to both A and B antigens and are therefore compatible ''only'' with other ''hh'' donors.
 
Individuals with Bombay phenotype blood groups can only be transfused with blood from other Bombay phenotype individuals. Given that this condition is very rare to begin with, any person with this blood group who needs an urgent blood transfusion may be simply out of luck, as it would be quite unlikely that any blood bank would have any in stock. Those anticipating the need for blood transfusion (e.g. in scheduled surgery) may bank blood for their own use (i.e. an [[blood donation|autologous blood donation]]) but this option is not available in cases of accidental injury.
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Despite the designation ''O'', O<sub>h</sub> negative is not a sub-group of any other group, not even O negative or O positive. When this blood group was first encountered, it was found not to be of either group A or B and so was thought to be of group O. But on further testing, it did not match even for O negative or O positive because of the absence of antigen 'H'. The H antigen is a precursor to the A and B antigens. For instance, the B allele must be present to produce the B enzyme that modifies the H antigen to become the B antigen. It is the same for the A allele. However, if only recessive alleles for the H antigen are inherited (hh), as in the case above, the H antigen will not be produced. Subsequently, the A and B antigens also will not be produced. The result is an O phenotype by default since a lack of A and B antigens is the O type. The blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay, now known as [[Mumbai]], in [[India]].
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==McLeodFénotipe phenotypeMcLeod==
<!--McLeod phenotype (or McLeod syndrome) is an [[X-linked]] anomaly of the Kell blood group system; as a result, the red cells react poorly with Kell antisera. The McLeod gene encodes a protein that has the structural characteristics of a membrane transport protein with an unknown function. Affected cells lack the product of this gene, called KX or XK, that appears to be required for proper synthesis of the Kell antigens.
 
Males have variable [[acanthocytosis]], secondary to a defect in the inner leaflet bilayer, as well as mild [[hemolysis]]. Females have only occasional acanthocytes and very mild [[hemolysis]]; the lesser severity is thought to be due to X chromosome inactivation via the [[Lyon effect]]. Some McLeod patients develop a neuropathy or psychiatric symptoms, producing a syndrome that may mimic [[chorea (disease)|chorea]].
-->
 
==CompatibilityKompatibilitas==
<!--In order to provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate whole blood into several products that may have varying degrees of compatibility depending upon the recipient's blood type. The most common of these products are packed red blood cells (RBC's), plasma, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP), which is quick-frozen to retain labile clotting factors V and VII and usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant, or [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (DIC). See [[cryoprecipitate]].
 
In order to provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate whole blood into several products that may have varying degrees of compatibility depending upon the recipient's blood type. The most common of these products are packed red blood cells (RBC's), plasma, platelets, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP), which is quick-frozen to retain labile clotting factors V and VII and usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant, or [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (DIC). See [[cryoprecipitate]].
 
In the United States, human blood products are considered drugs. They are tightly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and their use must be ordered by a licensed physician or surgeon.
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! style="background:#EFEFEF"| O- || O- || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
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== EvolutionaryJihat significanceévolusi ==
<!--Some blood types may offer protection from certain disorders and illnesses. For example, Duffy-type blood offers protection against [[malaria]], and is more common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria, probably as a result of natural selection.
 
The autosomal recessive disorder [[Sickle-cell disease|sickle-cell anemia]] (so named because it causes red blood cells to become flatter and [[sickle]]-shaped) is found primarily in people of African descent; while this condition causes significant health problems, the same gene also gives resistance to malaria. This resistance is a dominant trait, so somebody who inherits only one copy of the sickle-cell gene enjoys better resistance to malaria without the problems of anemia. This offers carriers an evolutionary advantage in malaria-prone areas, an example of [[heterozygote advantage]].
-->
 
==SocialJihat significancesosial==
<!--In [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] much research was done to associate blood type with personal characteristics. Especially, researchers tried to associate B-type blood with inferior characteristics. B-type blood was relatively common among German [[Jew]]ish populations. This research has since been discredited.
 
Members of the Nazis' elite [[Schutzstaffel|S.S.]] troop were tattooed with their blood type; this enabled prioritisation of treatment by medics and ensured that they could be quickly issued the correct blood.
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The [[Japan blood type theory of personality]] is a popular belief that a person's [[Blood type#ABO|ABO blood type]] is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others. This belief has carried over to certain extent in other parts of East Asia such as South Korea and Taiwan. In Japan, asking someone their blood type is considered as normal as asking their [[astrology|astrological]] sign.
-->
==Baca ogé==
*[[Donor getih]]
 
==See alsoRujukan==
*''[[:en:Blood type|Blood type]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris per 24 Pébruari 2006.
*[[Blood donation]]
* Landsteiner, K. ''1900. Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe. '' Zentralblatt Bakteriologie'' 1900;27:357-62.
*[[Blood type diet]]
* Landsteiner, K,. & A.S. Wiener. AS1940. ''An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood. '' Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.'' 1940;43:223-224.
 
==References==
* Landsteiner K. ''Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe.'' Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 1900;27:357-62.
* Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. ''An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood.'' Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1940;43:223-224.
* [Benes93] Beneš, J. Člověk. Praha: Mladá fronta, 1993.
 
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==Tumbu kaluar==
*{{OMIM|110300}} (ABO) and {{OMIM|111680}} (Rh/D)