Mikrobiologi: Béda antarrépisi

While microbes are often viewed negatively due to their association with many human illnesses, microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as [[industrial fermentation]] (e.g. the production of [[alcohol]] and [[dairy products]]), [[antibiotic]] production and as vehicles for cloning in higher organsisms such as plants. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as [[Taq polymerase]], [[reporter gene]]s for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the [[two-hybrid screening|yeast two-hybrid system]].

<!--These traits allowed Joshua and Esther Lederberg to devise an elegant experiment in [[1951]] demonstrating that adaptive mutations arise from [[preadaptation]] rather than directed mutation. For this purpose, they invented [[replica plating]], which allowed them to transfer numerous [[colony (biology)|bacterial colonies]] from their specific locations on one agar-filled petri dish to analogous locations on several other petri dishes. After replicating a plate of ''E. coli'', they exposed each of the new plates to a [[bacteriophage]] (also called phage). They observed that phage-resistant colonies were present at analogous locations on each of the plates, allowing them to conclude that the phage resistance trait had existed in the original colony, which had never been exposed to phage, instead of arising after the bacteria had been exposed to the virus. <!-- This was on the page before I modified it to read more like a general description of the field of microbiology, but it just didn't seem to make sense with the rest of the page the way I wrote it. I didn't want to just throw it out, but I don't know what to do with it now! Any suggestions? -->