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m bot Nambih: jv:Balung
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m bot Ngarobih: ro:Os (anatomie); kosmetik perubahan
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[[ImageGambar:Gray252.png|thumb|[[Femur]] manusa dina ilustrasi [[Anatomi Gray|Gray]], bentuk tulang anu ilahar dipikawanoh.]]
'''Tulang''' mangrupakeun hiji tipe [[jaringan konéktip]] [[éndoskéléton]] [[skala Rockwell|teuas]] nu sok aya dina [[sato]] [[vertebrata]]. Tulang téh jadi dadasar struktur awak, ngajaga [[organ (anatomi)|organ]] internal, sarta (babarengan jeung [[otot]]) pikeun ojah; ogé patali jeung [[formasi sél]], [[métabolisme kalsium]], jeung [[simpenan mineral]]. Tulang sasatoan, sacara koléktip, katelahna [[rorongkong]]. Kandungan tulang teu sarua jeung [[kartilage]], nu sarua diturunkeun ti mésoderm.
 
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Tulang jeung rorongkong diulik dina [[ostéologi]]. <!--Bones can be prepared for study by several methods, such as [[maceration (bone)|maceration]]. Maceration is done by boiling fleshed bone with dish detergent and a little bleach until all large particles are off. The bones are then cleaned by hand, usually with a toothbrush and a degreaser.-->
 
== Guna ==
Tulang mibanda dalapan guna utama:
* Panyalindungan — ngabulen atawa ngawadahan organ jero, kayaning [[tangkorak]] nu ngajaga [[otak]] jeung [[rusuk|tulang angen]] anu ngurilingan [[jantung]] jeung [[bayah]].
* Bentuk — rorongkong pikeun dedeg awak.
* Nyieun getih — [[sungsum tulang]] dina [[rongga médular]] tulang panjang ngahasilkeun sél-sél getih dina prosés nu disebut [[hématopoiesis]].
* Gudang mineral — nyimpen mineral nu penting pikeun awak, utamana [[kalsium]] jeung [[fosfor]].
* Ojah — babarengan jeung [[otot rangka]], [[téndon]], [[ligamén]], jeung [[sandi]] rampakgawé ngahasilkeun jeung mindahkeun tanaga pikeun ngojahkeun awak.
* Kasaimbangan asam-basa — nyangga getih mun nyanghareupan parobahan pH ku cara nyerep atawa ngaleupaskeun garam alkali.
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Bone can also be either ''woven'' or ''lamellar''. Woven bone is put down rapidly during growth or repair. It is so called because its fibres are aligned at random, and as a result has low strength. In contrast lamellar bone has parallel fibres and is much stronger. Woven bone is often replaced by lamellar bone as growth continues.
 
''Long bones'' are tubular in structure (e.g. the [[tibia]]). The central shaft of a long bone is called the [[diaphysis]], and has a hollow middle&mdash;themiddle—the ''medullar cavity'' filled with [[bone marrow]]. Surrounding the medullar cavity is a thin layer of cancellous bone that also contains marrow. The extremities of the bone are called the ''epiphyses'' and are mostly cancellous bone covered by a relatively thin layer of compact bone. In children, long bones are filled with [[red marrow]], which is gradually replaced with [[yellow marrow]] as the child ages.
 
''Short bones'' (e.g. finger bones) have a similar structure to long bones, except that they have no medullar cavity.
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=== Cells ===
 
Bone cells include ''[[osteoblast]]s'', so called ''Bone Lining Cells'', ''[[osteocyte]]s'' and ''[[osteoclast]]s''. Osteoblasts are typically viewed as bone forming cells. They are located near to the surface of bone and their functions are to make [[osteoid]] and manufacture [[hormone]]s such as [[prostaglandin]] which act on bone itself. Osteoblasts are mononucleate. Active osteoblasts are situated on the surface of osteoid seams and communicate with each other via gap-junctions. They contain alkaline phosphatase&mdash;aphosphatase—a chemical which has a role in the mineralisation of bone.
 
Bone Lining Cells (BLCs) share a common lineage with [[osteogenesis]] (bone forming) cells. They function as a barrier for certain ions, induced osteogenetic cells. They are flattened, mononucleate cells which line bone.
 
However, osteocytes do originate from osteoblasts which have migrated into and become trapped and surrounded by bone matrix which they themselves produce. The space which they occupy is known as a lacuna. Osteocytes have many processes which reach out to meet osteoblasts probably for the purposes of communication. Their functions include to varying degrees: formation of bone, matrix maintenance and calcium homeostasis. They possibly act as mechano-sensory receptors&mdash;regulatingreceptors—regulating the bones' response to stress.
 
If [[osteoblast]]s can be described as bone forming cells, the [[osteoclasts]] can be described as bone destroying cells. Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells located on bone surfaces in what are called [[Howship's lacunae]]. These lacunae, or resorption pits, are left behind after the breakdown of bone and often present as ''scalloped'' surfaces. Because the osteoclasts are derived from a [[monocyte stem-cell lineage]], they are equipped with engulfment strategies similar to circulating [[macrophages]]. Osteoclasts mature and/or migrate to discrete bone surfaces. Upon arrival active enzymes, such as [[acid phosphatase]], are secreted against the mineral substrate. This process, called [[bone resorption]], allows stored calcium to be released into systemic circulation and is an important process in regulating [[calcium balance]]. As bone formation actively ''fixes'' circulating calcium in its mineral form, resorption actively ''unfixes'' it thereby increasing [[circulating calcium levels]]. These processes occur in tandem at site-specific locations and are known as [[bone turnover]], or [[remodeling]]. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, coupled together via [[paracrine cell signalling]], are referred to as [[bone remodeling units]]. The iteration of remodeling events at the cellular level is influential on shaping and sculpting the skeleton both during growth as well as after.
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|-
|''articulation''
|The region where adjacent bones contact each other&mdash;aother—a [[joint]].
|-
|''articular process''
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Thus, the proximal end of the femur would be the head which joins at the hip, whilst the distal end of the femur would be the end which joins with the tibia.-->
 
== Sumber rujukan ==
*''[[:en:Bone|Bone]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (2 Méi 2006)
 
Baris ka-234:
[[pt:Osso]]
[[qu:Tullu]]
[[ro:Os (anatomie)]]
[[ru:Кость]]
[[scn:Ossu (struttura rìggida)]]