Démografi: Béda antarrépisi

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'''Démografi''' nyaéta élmu ngeunaan [[dinamika populasi]] manusa, nu ngawengku panalungtikan ukuran, struktur, jeung sébaran populasi, sarta kumaha parobahan populasi sajalan jeung nyérélékna waktu ku ayana nu babar, maot, [[migrasi (manusa)|migrasi]], jeung [[ngolotan|nambahna umur]]. Analisis démografis bisa nujul ka masarakat sagemblengna atawa ka golongan nu ditangtukeun ku kriteria kayaning atikan, bangsa, ageman, atawa suku.
 
== Data jeung métode ==
 
Démografi mercayakeun kana ngagunakeun data dina jumlah anu gedé, kaasup [[sénsus]] [[kalahiran]], [[pernikahan]] jeung [[tilar dunya]]. The earliest modern census was carried out in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in [[1801]]. See also [[demographic statistics]].
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In many countries, particularly in the third world, reliable demographic data are still difficult to obtain. For example, during the 1980s the population of [[Nigeria]] was widely estimated to be around 110 million, before it was established to be as little as 89 million (without adjustment for undercounting) in a census carried out in 1991.
 
== Konsép-konsép penting ==
 
Konsép-konsép nu penting dina démografi di antarana:
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* The '''net reproduction rate''' is the number of daughters who would be born to a woman according to current age-specific fertility and mortality rates.
 
Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. For example, the number of deaths per 1000 people can be higher for developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite standards of health being better in developed countries. This is because developed countries have relatively more older people, who are more likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a [[Life table|life table]] which summarises mortality separately at each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate of life expectancy.
 
== History ==
 
Among the earliest contributions to demography were the works of [[Thomas Malthus]]. Malthus concluded that, if unchecked, populations would be subject to [[exponential growth]]. He feared that population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever increasing famine and poverty (see [[Malthusian catastrophe]]). Later more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by e.g. [[Gompertz]] and [[Pierre_Fran%E7ois_Verhulst|Verhulst]].
 
== The demographic transition ==
 
Contrary to Malthus' predictions, natural population growth in most developed countries has diminished to close to zero, without being held in check by famine or lack of resources, as people in developed nations have shown a tendency to have fewer children. The fall in population growth has occurred despite large rises in life expectancy in these countries.
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The term [[demographics]] is often used erroneously for demography, but refers rather to selected population characteristics as used in marketing or opinion research.
 
== Tumbu kaluar ==
 
* [http://www.prb.org/ The Population Reference Bureau ] has two introduction to demography texts on line. "Population Handbook" and "Population: A Lively Introduction".
* [http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/demsum.html Brief review of world basic demographic trends] Review of world changes in population and growth, infant mortality, fertility and age distributions.
* [http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/socsum.html Brief review of world socio-demographic trends] Review of world changes in urbanization, education and ethnolinguistic fractionalization.
* Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. ''Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth.'' Moscow: URSS, 2006 [http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250].
 
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[[hu:Demográfia]]
[[ia:Demographia]]
[[id:KependudukanDemografi]]
[[is:Lýðfræði]]
[[it:Demografia]]