Agrikultur: Béda antarrépisi

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Increasingly, besides food for humans and [[fodder|animal feeds]], agriculture produces goods such as cut flowers, ornamental and [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] plants, [[fertilizer]]s, [[animal hides]], [[leather]], industrial chemicals ([[starch]], [[ethanol]], and [[plastic]]s), [[fiber]]s ([[cotton]], [[wool]], [[cannabis|hemp]], and [[flax]]), fuels ([[methane]], [[biodiesel]], [[biomass]]), and both legal and illegal [[drugs]] ([[biopharmaceutical]]s, [[tobacco]], [[marijuana]], [[opium]], [[cocaine]]). [[GMO|Genetically engineered]] plants and animals produce specialty drugs.
 
In the Western world, use of improved [[genetics]], better management of soil nutrients, and improved [[weed control]] have greatly increased yields per unit area. At the same time, use of mechanization has decreased labor requirements, releasing most of the populace from intense agricultural labor. The developing world is behind by Western measures of productivity, because of unavailability of the education, [[capital (economics)|capital]] and technology base needed to sustain these advances, and usually [[ecoregion]] with less optimal [[climate]]s and [[soil]]s.
 
Modern agriculture depends heavily on engineering and technology and on the biological and physical sciences. [[Irrigation]], [[drainage]], [[conservation]], and sanitary engineering—each of which is important in successful farming—are some of the fields requiring the specialized knowledge of agricultural engineers.
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Animal husbandry means breeding and raising animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis.
 
In recent years, some aspects of industrial [[intensive agriculture]] have been the subject of increasing discussion. The widening sphere of influence held by large seed and chemical companies and meat packers has been a source of concern both within the farming community and for the general public. The patent protection given to companies that develop new types of [[seed]] using [[genetic engineering]] has allowed seed to be licensed to farmers in much the same way that computer software is licensed to users. This has changed the balance of power in favor of the seed companies, allowing them to dictate terms and conditions previously unheard of. Some argue these companies are guilty of [[biopiracy]].
 
[[Soil]] [[conservation]] and nutrient management have been important concerns since the [[1950s]], with the best farmers taking a [[stewardship]] role with the land they operate.
 
Increasing consumer awareness of agricultural issues has led to the rise of [[community-supported agriculture]], [[local food movement]], [[slow food]], and commercial [[organic farming]], though these yet remain fledgling industries.
 
== Sajarah ==
 
Nangtukeun asal-usul tatanén bisa disebut hésé sabab geus aya méméh budaya [[tulisan]]. Sababaraha ahli keukeuh nyebutkeun yén tatanén geus aya leuwih ti 10000 taun katukang, sedengkeun nu séjén yakin yén pepelakan nu sistimatis pangheubeulna teu leuwih ti 7000 taun katukang. Prakprakan tatanén mindeng dipaké pikeun ngabédakeun jaman [[néolitik]] ti [[jaman batu]] nu saméméhna. Palawija nu munggaran dibudidayakeun ku manusa di antarana [[gandum]] ([[einkorn]] jeung [[emmer]]) sarta [[barley]]. It is clear that farming was invented at least twice, probably more often: once in the [[Fertile Crescent]] during the [[Natufian culture]], and the following [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] and B periods, once in East Asia (wheat and millet), and in [[Mesoamerica|Central America]] (maize). Most likely, there was a gradual transition from a [[hunter-gatherer]] economy to an agricultural one, via a lengthy period when some crops were deliberately planted, and other foods were gathered from the wild. The reasons for the earliest introduction of farming may have included [[climate]] change. Farming allows a much greater density of population than can be supported by hunting and gathering.
 
After [[1492]], the world's agricultural patterns were shuffled in the widespread exchange of plants and animals known as the [[Columbian Exchange]]. Crops and animals that were previously only known in the Old World were now transplanted in the New, and vice versa.
 
== Kawijakan ==
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[[Kawijakan tatanén]] mokuskeun kana tujuan jeung cara produksi tatanén. Dina tingkat kawijakan, tujuna umum tatanén di antarana:
 
* [[Kasakit alatan dahareun|Kasalametan dahareun]]: Mastikeun sangkan asupan dahareun bébas tina kontaminasi.
* [[Kaamanan dahareun]]: Mastikeun sangkan asupan dahareun saluyu jeung pangabutuh masarakat.
* [[Kualitas dahareun]]: Mastikeun sangkan asupan dahareun mibanda kualitas nu tetep tur bisa kaukur.
 
* Konservasi
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== Métode ==
* [[Hidroponik]]
* [[Tillage]] by [[plough]]
* [[Irigasi]]
* [[Pupuk]]
* [[Crop rotation]]
* [[Weed control]]
* [[Domestikasi]]
* [[Agricultural fencing|Fencing]]
* [[Ranching]]
* [[Tatanén organik]]
 
== Crops ==
=== World production of major crops in 2002 ===
 
In millions of metric tons, based on [[USDA]] estimates:
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:[[Cotton]] 96.5
 
''Paddy rice'' is rice in its as-harvested state. ''Milled rice'' is rice after it is processed to remove the husk and, sometimes, polish the kernel. [[California]] is the major [[United States|US]] producer of rice.
 
=== Crop improvement ===
 
[[ImageGambar:Cropscientist.jpg|right|thumbnail|An agriculural scientist records corn growth]]
Domestication of plants is done in order to increase yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ease of harvest, and to improve the taste and [[nutrition]]al value and many other characteristics. Centuries of careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Plant breeders use greenhouses and other techniques to get as many as three generations of plants per year, so that they can make improvements all the more quickly. Extensive radiation mutagenesis efforts (i.e. primitive genetic engineering) during the [[1950s]] produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn and barley.
 
For example, average yields of corn ([[maize]]) in the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (40 bushels per acre) in [[1900]] to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in [[2001]], primarily due to improvements in genetics. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in [[1900]] to more than 2.5 t/ha in [[1990]]. [[South America]]n average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, [[Afrika]] under 1 t/ha, [[Mesir]] and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as [[Perancis]] is over 8 t/ha. Higher yields are due to improvements in genetics, as well as use of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical [[pest control]], growth control to avoid lodging).
 
[Conversion note: 1 bushel (q) of wheat = 60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 bushel of corn = 56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg]
 
Very recently, [[genetic engineering]] has begun to be employed in some parts of the world to speed up the selection and breeding process. The most widely used modification is a herbicide resistance gene that allows plants to tolerate exposure to glyphosate. A less frequently used but more controversial modification causes the plant to produce a toxin to reduce damage from insects (c.f. [[Starlink]]).
 
There are specialty producers who raise less common types of livestock or plants.
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* [[Weeds - Feral Plants and Animals]]
 
== Tempo ogé ==
 
* [[Agricultural and Food Research Council]]
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* [[USA agriculture]]
 
== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.nationalpak.com Agriculture of Pakistan, All Agricultural Information]
* [http://www.fao.org FAO of The UN's World Agricultural Information Centre]
* [http://www.fao.org/waicent/portal/statistics_en.asp FAO of The UN Statistical Databases]
* [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]'s [[Foreign Agricultural Service]] : [http://www.fas.usda.gov/currwmt.html Current World Production, Market and Trade Reports]
* [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]'s [[Agricultural Research Service]] : [http://www.ars.usda.gov/ USDA's In-house Research Arm]
* [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]]'s [[National Agricultural Library]] : [http://www.nal.usda.gov/ Portal to USDA's National Agricultural Library]
* [http://www.nationalacademies.org/agriculture/ Agriculture] at the [[United States National Academies]]
* [http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Agriculture/ Agriculture Directory]
 
[[Kategori:Agrikultur| ]]
 
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