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Baris ka-1:
[[ImageGambar:Icicles.jpg|thumb|Ésikel]]
[[ImageGambar:IceBlockNearJoekullsarlon.jpg|thumb|Guruntul és alami di [[Islandia]].]]
'''És''' nyaéta bentuk [[padet]] [[cai]]. [[Transisi fase]]na lumangsung nalika cai [[cair]] ditiiskeun nepi ka handapeun 0 [[Celsius|°C]] (273.15 [[Kelvin|K]], 32 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]) dina [[tekenan atmosfir baku]]. És bisa dihasilkeun dina hawa nu leuwih panas dina lingkungan nu diteken (tekenan luhureun tekenan baku), sarta bisa ogé tetep cair atawa gas nepi ka -30 °C dina tekenan nu leuwih handap. És nu kabentuk dina tekenan luhur mibanda struktur kristal jeung [[dénsitas]] nu béda ti és biasa.
 
És, cai, jeung [[uap cai]] bisa babarengan aya dina [[titik tripel]], nu sistimna 273.16 K kalawan tekenan 611.73 [[Pascal|Pa]].
 
Fitur nu teu ilahar és nu beku dina tekenan 1 [[Atmosfir (unit)|atm]] nyaéta yén padetanana mibanda dénsitas 8% handapeun cai cair. És mibanda dénsitas 0.917 g/cm³ dina 0 °C, sedengkeun cai mibanda dénsitas 0.9998 g/cm³. Cai cair mibanda dénsitas pangbadagna, 1.00 g/cm³, dina 4 °C sarta jadi "leuwih hampang" nalika [[molekul]] caina mitembeyan ngabentuk [[kristal]] [[héksagonal (sistim kristal)|héksagonal]] és mun hawana turun nepi ka 0 °C (kanyataanana, kecap "kristal" diturunkeun tina kecap [[basa Yunani|Yunani]] pikeun beku). Ieu alatan ayana [[beungkeut hidrogén]] nu kabentuk antarmolekul cai, nu nyusun molekul-molekulna leuwih carang (volumena leuwih badag) nalika caina beku. Hasilna, és ngambang na cai cair, nu mangrupakeun faktor penting dina [[iklim]] Marcapada.
 
Salaku padetan kristalin, és dianggap salaku [[mineral]].
 
== Tipe-tipe és ==
[[ImageGambar:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|300px|Emping salju karya [[Wilson Bentley]], [[1902]].]]
És nu ilahar jeung [[salju]] kaasup [[és Ih|és I<sub>h</sub>]], atawa és [[Héksagonal (sitim kristal)|héksagonal]]. Gumantung tekenan nu leuwih gedé jeung hawa nu béda-béda, és bisa kabentuk jadi salosin fase nu béda. Nu saeutik leuwih teu stabil (métastabil) batan I<sub>h</sub> nyaéta és struktur kubus ([[és Ic|I<sub>c</sub>]]), tapi niiskeun I<sub>h</sub> ngabalukarkeun kabentukna susunan nu béda alatan pindahna proton, [[és XI|XI]].
 
Baris ka-21:
Sababaraha zat séjén (hususna bentuk padet tina nu biasa kapanggih cair) ogé sok disebut "és": [[és garing]], misalna, mangrupakeun istilah umum pikeun [[karbon dioksida]] padet.
 
== Hubungan manusa jeung és ==
Nalika és cair, [[énergi]] panas ([[panas fusi]]) bakal kaserep, nu ajénna sarua jeung manaskeun massa cai nu sarua nepi ka 80&nbsp;°C, sedengkeun hawana angger 0&nbsp;°C. Mangpaatna, és dipaké pikeun niiskeun barang. Nepi ka kiwari, gedong [[Parlemén Hungaria]] migunakeun és nu dipanén nalika usum tiris ti [[situ Balaton]] salaku sumber tanaga utama AC-na.
 
Taun 400 MM di [[Iran]], insinyur [[Pérsia]] geus ngawasa téhnik nyimpen és nalika usum panas di sagara keusik. És golondongan dibawa nalika usum tiis ti pagunungan sarta disimpen dina ''kulkas'' nu dirancang sacara alami nu disebut ''yakh-chal'' (hartina ''tempat neundeun és''). Ieu tempat digali nepi ka 5000 m&sup3;), témbokna kandel (sahanteuna 2 [[méter|m]] dasarna) dijieun tina ''sarooj'', campuran keusik, taneuh liat, bobodas endog, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, and which was resistant to heat transfer. This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable. The space often had access to a [[Qanat]], and often contained a system of windcatchers that could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels in summer days. The ice was then used to chill treats for royalty during hot summer days.
 
[[ImageGambar:Yakhchal.jpg|thumb|left|''Imah és'' kuna, disebut ''yakhchal'', diwangun di [[Kerman]], [[Iran]], jaman panengah, piekun neundeun és nalika usum panas.]]
<!--Ice also plays a role in winter recreation, namely the sports of [[ice skating]], [[ice hockey]], [[ice fishing]], [[ice climbing]] and [[bobsledding]] and [[luge]] sled racing. Sometimes, structures are built out of large chunks of ice. However, they are mostly ornamental (as in the case with [[ice castle]]s) and not practical for long-term habitation. [[Ice hotel]]s exist on a seasonal basis in a few cold areas.
 
Baris ka-33:
Ice can also be an obstacle; for [[harbor]]s near the [[geographical pole|pole]]s, being ice-free is an important advantage, ideally all-year round. Examples are [[Murmansk]] (Russia), [[Petsamo]] (Russia, formerly Finland) and [[Vardø]]. Harbors that are not ice-free are opened up using [[icebreaker]]s.
 
Ice forming on [[road]]s is a dangerous winter hazard. [[Black ice]] is very difficult to see because it lacks the expected glossy surface. Whenever there is [[freezing rain]] or snow that occurs at a temperature near the melting point, it is common for ice to build up on the [[window]]s of automobiles, which must be removed in order to safely drive a vehicle. [[Ice scraper]]s are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long, labor-intensive, and stressful process&mdash;especiallyprocess—especially when a driver ends up running late for work as a result.
 
Far enough below the freezing point, a thin layer of ice crystals can form on the inside surface of windows. This usually happens when a vehicle has been left alone after being driven for a while, but can happen while driving if the outside temperature is low enough. Moisture from the driver's breath is the source of water for the crystals. It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is now common for cars to have [[rear-window defroster]]s to combat the problem. A similar problem can happen in homes, which is why many colder regions require double-pane windows to insulate the inner pane from the outer temperature (some homeowners even opt for triple-pane windows).
Baris ka-42:
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== Tempo ogé ==
[[ImageGambar:Icicles forming.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Icicles forming on a cabin's roof at Diner Plains Australia]]
* [[kebul inten]]
* [[gunung és]]
Baris ka-62:
* ''[[Firn]]''
 
== Istilah-istilah nu patali ==
* A [[rusticle]] is a rust formation similar to an icicle.
* [[Isaz]] is the Proto-Germanic rune for "ice".
* Ice is a slang term for [[methamphetamine]].
 
== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ice/ice.htm The phase diagram of water, including the ice variants]
* [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Ice.shtml Webmineral listing for Ice]
Baris ka-74:
* [http://www.martin.chaplin.btinternet.co.uk/phase.html The phase diagrams of water with some high pressure diagrams]
 
[[CategoryKategori:Bentuk cai]]
[[CategoryKategori:Glasiologi]]
 
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Baris ka-93:
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