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[[gambar:Edwin Hubble with pipe.jpg|thumb|Edwin Hubble]]
{{About|the astronomer|the politician|Edwin N. Hubbell|the trombonist|Eddie Hubble}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Edwin Hubble
|image = Edwin Hubble with pipe.jpg
|birth_date = {{birth date|1889|11|20|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Marshfield, Missouri]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|residence = [[United States]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1953|9|28|1889|11|20|mf=y}}
|death_place = [[San Marino, California|San Marino]], [[California]]
|field = [[Astronomy]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Chicago]]<br>[[Mount Wilson Observatory]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]]<br>[[University of Oxford]]
|influenced = [[Allan Sandage]]
|known_for = [[Big Bang]]<br>[[Hubble's law]]<br>[[Redshift]]<br>[[Hubble sequence]]
|prizes = [[Bruce Medal]] 1938<br>[[Franklin Medal]] 1939<br>[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] 1940<br>[[Legion of Merit]] 1946
|signature = Edwin Hubble signature.svg
|footnotes =
}}
'''Edwin Powell Hubble ''' (November 20, 1889&nbsp;– September 28, 1953)<ref name=NASABio>{{cite web|title=Biography of Edwin Powell Hubble (1889 - 1953)|url=http://hubble.nasa.gov/overview/hubble_bio.php|publisher=NASA|accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref> was an [[United States|American]] [[Astronomy|astronomer]] who profoundly changed the understanding of the [[universe]] by confirming the existence of [[galaxy|galaxies]] other than our own, the [[Milky Way]]. He also considered the idea that the degree of "[[Doppler shift]]" (specifically "[[redshift]]") observed in the [[Electromagnetic spectrum|light spectra]] from other galaxies increased in [[Proportionality (mathematics)|proportion]] to a particular galaxy's distance from [[Earth]]. This relationship became known as [[Hubble's law]]. The Doppler shift interpretation of the observed redshift had been proposed earlier by [[Vesto Slipher]], whose data Hubble used.
 
Edwin Hubble himself, however, doubted the interpretation of these data which lead to the theory of the [[Metric expansion of space]]. <ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1936ApJ....84..517H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=427d1954a200670 Effects of Red Shifts on the Distribution of Nebulae], Hubble, Edwin, Astrophysical Journal, vol. 84, p.517, The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1937MNRAS..97..506H&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=427d1954a200670 Red-shifts and the distribution of nebul&aelig], Hubble, Edwin, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 97, p.513,The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System</ref>
 
==Biography==
Edwin Hubble was born to an insurance executive, John Powell Hubble and Virginia Lee James, in [[Marshfield, Missouri]], and moved to [[Wheaton, Illinois]], in 1900.<ref>{{cite book|title=Edwin Hubble: mariner of the nebulae|author=Gale E. Christianson|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|pages=13–18|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Gmdthgi8_CkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=eDWIN+HUBBLE#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> In his younger days he was noted more for his athletic prowess than his intellectual abilities, although he did earn good grades in every subject except for spelling. He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school track & field meet in 1906. That year he also set the state high school record for the [[high jump]] in [[Illinois]]. Another of his personal interests was dry-fly fishing, and he practiced amateur boxing as well.<ref>''World of Physics'' and ''The Cloudy Night Book''</ref>
 
His studies at the [[University of Chicago]] were concentrated on mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy, which led to a [[bachelor of science]] degree in 1910. Hubble also became a member of the [[Kappa Sigma Fraternity]] (and in 1948 was named the Kappa Sigma "Man of the Year"). He spent the three years at [[The Queen's College, Oxford]] after earning his bachelors as one of the university's first [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], initially studying [[jurisprudence]] (instead of science as a promise to his dying father)<ref name=Times>{{cite web|title=Astronomer Edwin Hubble|author= Michael D. Lemonick|publisher=Times|date=Monday, Mar. 29, 1999|accessdate=May 29, 2011|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html}}</ref> and later added literature and Spanish,<ref name=Times/> and earning his [[master's degree]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rhodes Scholars: Complete List, 1903-2010|author=The Rhodes Trust|publisher=The Rhodes Trust|date=Hubble, Edwin - The Queen's College, Illinois (1910)|accessdate=May 29, 2011|url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/section/rhodes-scholars-complete-list-1903-2009}}</ref> Some of his acquired British mannerisms and dress stayed with him all his life, occasionally irritating his American colleagues.
 
Hubble's father had in 1909 moved his family from Chicago to [[Shelbyville, Kentucky]] so that the family could live in a small town, ultimately settling in nearby [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]. His father died in the winter of 1913, while Edwin was still in England, and in the summer of 1913, he returned to care for his mother, two sisters, and younger brother, as did his brother William. The family moved once more to Everett Avenue, in Louisville's Highlands neighborhood, to accommodate Edwin and William.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astro.louisville.edu/education/hubble_in_louisville/index.html|title=Edwin Hubble, Family, and Friends in Louisville 1909-1916|author=John F. Kielkopf }}</ref>
 
Upon returning to the United States, Hubble taught Spanish, [[physics]], and [[mathematics]] at the [[New Albany High School (Indiana)|New Albany High School]] in [[New Albany, Indiana]]. He also coached the boys' basketball team there. Hubble's early biographers uniformly noted that he had passed the Kentucky bar examination and briefly practiced law in Louisville, but he did neither. There is no evidence that Hubble ever handled a legal case.<ref name=MB1>{{cite book|title=The Day We Found the Universe|author=Marcia Bartusiak|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|year=2010|page=174|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7XojzXh4_KEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Day+We+Found+the+Universe&src=bmrr#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> After a year of high-school teaching, he returned to astronomy at the [[Yerkes Observatory]] of the University of Chicago, where he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in 1917. His [[dissertation]] was titled [http://www.archive.org/details/photographicinve00hubbrich Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae].
 
Hubble then served in the [[United States Army]] in [[World War I]], and he quickly advanced to the rank of [[major (United States)|major]]. In 1919, Hubble was offered a staff position in California by [[George Ellery Hale]], the founder and director of the Carnegie Institution's [[Mount Wilson Observatory]], near [[Pasadena, California]], where he remained on the staff until his death. Hubble also served in the U.S. Army at the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] during World War II. For his work there he received the [[Legion of Merit]] award. Shortly before his death, Mount Palomar's giant {{convert|200|in|m|adj=on}} reflector [[Hale Telescope]] was completed, and Hubble was the first astronomer to use it. Hubble continued his research at the Mount Wilson and Mount Palomar Observatories, where he remained active until his death.
 
Hubble experienced a heart attack on July 1949 while on vacation in Colorado; Hubble was taken care of by Grace Hubble and continued on a modified diet and work schedule. Hubble died of [[cerebral thrombosis]] (a spontaneous blood clot in his brain) on September 28, 1953, in [[San Marino, California]]. No funeral was held for him, and his wife Grace Hubble, did not reveal the disposition of his body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edwin Hubble |author=Michael D. Robbins|publisher=Makara |year=2005|accessdate=2009-04-06|url=http://www.makara.us/04mdr/01writing/03tg/bios/Hubble.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Short History of Nearly Everything: Special Illustrated Edition|author=Bill Bryson|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|year=2010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ1iRQd52kgC&pg=PT238&dq=A+short+history+of+nearly+everything+Hubble+died#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name=PK>{{cite book|title=Hubble and the Big Bang|author=Paul Kupperberg|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2005|pages=45–6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y9BiIcCCnJcC&pg=PA45&dq=World+of+Physics+Hubble#v=onepage&q=World%20of%20Physics%20Hubble&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford guide to the history of physics and astronomy, Volume 10|author= J. L. Heilbron|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2005|pages=156–7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XPrqOr7P0QwC&pg=PT181&dq=Hubble+physics+astronomy+Noble#v=onepage&q=Hubble%20physics%20astronomy%20Noble&f=false}}</ref>
 
==Discoveries==
===The Universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy===
Edwin Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson, California, in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the {{convert|100|in|m|adj=on}} [[Mount Wilson Observatory#100 inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope|Hooker Telescope]], then the world's largest telescope. At that time, the prevailing view of the cosmos was that the universe consisted entirely of the [[Milky Way Galaxy]]. Using the Hooker Telescope at [[Mount Wilson Observatory|Mt. Wilson]], Hubble identified [[Cepheid variables]] (a kind of [[star]]; see also [[standard candle]]) in several [[Spiral galaxy#Spiral nebula|spiral nebulae]], including the [[Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda Nebula]] and [[Triangulum]]. His observations, made in 1922–1923, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own. This idea had been opposed by many in the astronomy establishment of the time, in particular by the [[Harvard University]]-based [[Harlow Shapley]]. Despite the opposition, Hubble, then a thirty-five year old scientist, had his findings presented in the form of a paper at the January 1, 1925 meeting of the American Astronomical Society.<ref name=MB2>{{cite book|title=The Day We Found the Universe|author=Marcia Bartusiak|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|year=2010|pages=x-xi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7XojzXh4_KEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Day+We+Found+the+Universe&src=bmrr#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Hubble's findings fundamentally changed the scientific view of the universe.
 
Hubble also devised the most commonly used [[Galaxy morphological classification|system for classifying galaxies]], grouping them according to their appearance in [[photographic]] images. He arranged the different groups of galaxies in what became known as the [[Hubble sequence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Toward a new millennium in galaxy morphology|author=David L. Block, Ivacircnio Puerari, Alan Stockton|publisher=Springer|year=2000|pages=146–150|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HQh9hoLfoHoC&pg=PA149&dq=Hubble+sequence#v=onepage&q=Hubble%20sequence&f=false}}</ref>
 
===Redshift increases with distance===
[[Image:100inchHooker.jpg|thumb|right|The {{convert|100|in|m|adj=on}} Hooker telescope at [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] that Hubble used to measure galaxy distances and a value for the rate of [[expanding universe|expansion of the universe]].]]
 
Combining his own measurements of galaxy distances based on [[Henrietta Swan Leavitt]]'s period-luminosity relationship for [[Cepheid]]s with [[Vesto Slipher]] and [[Milton L. Humason]]'s measurements of the redshifts associated with the galaxies, Hubble discovered a rough proportionality of the objects' distances with their redshifts.<ref name="Proceedings">[http://www.pnas.org/content/15/3/168.full.pdf+html], Proceedings of the National Academy of Science vol 15</ref> Though there was considerable scatter (now known to be due to peculiar velocities), Hubble was able to plot a trend line from the 46 galaxies and obtained a value for the [[Hubble Constant]] of 500&nbsp;km/s/Mpc, which is much higher than the currently accepted value due to errors in their distance calibrations. In 1929 Hubble formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays termed simply [[Hubble's law]], which, if the redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]’s [[Einstein field equations|equations of general relativity]] for a [[FRW metric|homogeneous, isotropic expanding space]]. Although concepts underlying an [[expanding universe]] were well understood earlier, this statement by Hubble and Humason led to wider scale acceptance for this view. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation.
 
This discovery was the first observational support for the [[Big Bang]] theory which had been proposed by [[Georges Lemaître]] in 1927. The observed velocities of distant galaxies, taken together with the [[cosmological principle]] appeared to show that the Universe was expanding in a manner consistent with the [[FRW metric|Friedmann-Lemaître model]] of [[general relativity]]. In 1931 Hubble wrote a letter to the Dutch cosmologist [[Willem de Sitter]] expressing his opinion on the theoretical interpretation of the redshift-distance relation:<ref>{{cite web|title=Galaxy Redshifts Reconsidered|author=Sten Odenwald, Rick Fienberg|publisher=Astronomy Cafe|date=February 1993|accessdate=May 29, 2011|url=http://www.astronomycafe.net/anthol/expan.html}}</ref>
{{quote|[W]e use the term "apparent velocities" in order to emphasize the empirical feature of the correlation. The interpretation, we feel, should be left to you and the very few others who are competent to discuss the matter with authority.}}
 
Today, the "apparent velocities" in question are understood as an increase in [[proper distance]] that occurs due to the [[metric expansion of space|expansion of space]]. Light traveling through stretching space will experience a Hubble-type redshift, a mechanism different from the [[Doppler effect]] (although the two mechanisms become equivalent descriptions related by a [[coordinate transformation]] for nearby galaxies).
 
In the 1930s Hubble was involved in determining the distribution of galaxies and [[shape of the universe|spatial curvature]]. These data seemed to indicate that the universe was [[Euclidean geometry|flat]] and homogeneous, but there was a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. According to [[Allan Sandage]],
{{quote|Hubble believed that his count data gave a more reasonable result concerning spatial curvature if the redshift correction was made assuming no recession. To the very end of his writings he maintained this position, favouring (or at the very least keeping open) the model where no true expansion exists, and therefore that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature."<ref>[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html Sandage, Allan (1989), "Edwin Hubble 1889-1953"], ''The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada'', Vol. 83, No.6. Retrieved 2010-03-26.</ref>}}
 
There were methodological problems with Hubble's survey technique that showed a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. In particular the technique did not account for changes in luminosity of galaxies due to [[galaxy formation and evolution|galaxy evolution]].
Earlier, in 1917, [[Albert Einstein]] had found that his newly developed theory of general relativity indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a [[cosmological constant]] (a "[[fudge factor]]") to the equations to avoid this "problem". When Einstein heard of Hubble's discovery, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of [his] life."<ref>{{cite web|title=Cosmological Constant|author=Public Broadcasting Station (PBS)|publisher=PBS.org|accessdate=May 29, 2011|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/strange/html/strange_cosmo.html}}</ref>
 
===Other discoveries===
Hubble discovered the [[asteroid]] [[1373 Cincinnati]] on August 30, 1935. He also wrote ''The Observational Approach to Cosmology'' and ''The Realm of the Nebulae'' approximately during this time.
 
==Nobel Prize==
Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered an area of physics, instead of being its own science. He did this largely so that astronomers&nbsp;&nbsp;— including himself&nbsp;&nbsp;— could be recognized by the [[Nobel Prize]] Committee for their valuable contributions to astrophysics. This campaign was unsuccessful in Hubble's lifetime, but shortly after his death the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomical work would be eligible for the physics prize.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edwin Hubble|author=Astroprof|publisher=Astroprofspage.com|date=November 20, 2006|accessdate=May 29, 2011|url=http://astroprofspage.com/archives/450}}</ref> (The prize cannot be awarded posthumously.)
 
==Stamp==
On March 6, 2008, the United States Postal Service released a 41 cent stamp honoring Hubble on a sheet titled "American Scientists".<ref name=PK/> His citation reads: {{quote|Often called a 'pioneer of the distant stars,' astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) played a pivotal role in deciphering the vast and complex nature of the universe. His meticulous studies of spiral nebulae proved the existence of galaxies other than our own Milky Way. Had he not died suddenly in 1953, Hubble would have won that year's Nobel Prize in Physics.}} The other scientists on the "American Scientists" sheet include [[Gerty Cori]], biochemist; [[Linus Pauling]], chemist, and [[John Bardeen]], physicist.
 
==Honors==
'''Awards'''
*[[Bruce Medal]] in 1938.
*[[Franklin Medal]] in 1939.
*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1940.
*[[Legion of Merit]] for outstanding contribution to [[ballistics]] research in 1946.
'''Named after him'''
* [[Asteroid]] [[2069 Hubble]].
* The crater [[Hubble (crater)|Hubble]] on the [[Moon]].
* Orbiting [[Hubble Space Telescope]].
* Edwin P. Hubble [[Planetarium]], located in the [[Edward R. Murrow]] High School, [[Brooklyn]], NY.
* Edwin Hubble Highway, the stretch of [[Interstate 44]] passing through his birthplace of [[Marshfield, Missouri]]
* The ''Edwin P. Hubble Medal of Initiative'' is awarded annually by the city of [[Marshfield, Missouri]]&nbsp;— Hubble's birthplace
* [[Hubble Middle School]] in [[Wheaton, Illinois]]&nbsp;— renamed for Edwin Hubble when Wheaton Central High School was converted to a middle school in the fall of 1992.
* 2008 "American Scientists" US stamp series, $0.41
 
==See also==
* [[Astronomy]]
** [[Distance measures (cosmology)|Distance measures]]
** [[Cosmic distance ladder]]
* [[Galaxies]]
** [[Hubble sequence]]
** [[Galaxy morphological classification]]
** [[Gerard de Vaucouleurs]]
** [[William Wilson Morgan]]
* [[Expansion of the universe]]
** [[Big bang]]
** [[General relativity]]
** [[Hubble's law]]
** [[Hubble constant]]
** [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
* [[Edwin Hubble House]], residence and [[National Historic Landmark]] in [[San Marino, California]]
* [[The Great Debate]] of 26 April 1920
 
==References and notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*Bartusiak, Marcia. ''The Day We Found the Universe''. New York: Pantheon, 2009.
*Christianson, Gale; ''Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae'' Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) (New York, August 1995.)
*Hubble E.P., ''The Observational Approach to Cosmology'' (Oxford, 1937.)
*Hubble E.P., ''The Realm of the Nebulae'' (New Haven, 1936.)
*{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1929 |month= |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168 |accessdate= |doi=10.1073/pnas.15.3.168 |pmid=16577160 |pmc=522427 |bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H}}
*Mayall, N.U., [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/d_1996/hubble_nas.html Edwin Powell Hubble] Biographical Memoirs NAS 41
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0793-84|last=Osterbrock|first=Donald E.|coauthors=Joel A. Gwinn and Ronald S. Brashear|title=Edwin Hubble and the Expanding Universe|journal=Scientific American|year=1993|month=July|volume=269|pages=84–89|issue=1}}
*Harry Nussbaumer and Lydia Bieri, ''Discovering the expanding universe''. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
 
==External links==
{{commons|Edwin Powell Hubble}}
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990615,00.html ''Time'' Profile]
*[http://www.astro.louisville.edu/education/hubble_in_louisville/nahs/ Astronomy at the University of Louisville]&nbsp;— Photographs of Edwin Hubble at [[New Albany High School (Indiana)|New Albany High School]].
*[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html Edwin Hubble bio]&nbsp;— Written by [[Allan Sandage]]
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Hubble}}
*[http://www.aps.org/publications/capitolhillquarterly/200802/physicshistory.cfm American Physical Society's Hubble Bio]
*[http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/the_man_behind_the_name.html Edwin Powell Hubble&nbsp;— The man who discovered the cosmos]
*[http://astroprofspage.com/archives/450 Astroprof's article on Hubble]
* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/26802/hubble-the-man-and-his-telescope Hubble: The Man and His Telescope]&nbsp;— slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
 
{{Scientists whose names are used in physical constants}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Hubble, Edwin Powell
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Edwin Hubble
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American astronomer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1889-11-20
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Marshfield, Missouri
| DATE OF DEATH = 1953-09-28
| PLACE OF DEATH = San Marino, California
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hubble, Edwin}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Webster County, Missouri]]
[[Category:American astronomers]]
[[Category:20th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:Asteroid discoverers]]
[[Category:Cosmologists]]
[[Category:American Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from stroke]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:People from Wheaton, Illinois]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California]]
[[Category:Edwin Hubble| ]]
 
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