Antartika: Béda antarrépisi

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{{seealso|Extreme points of Antarctica|Antarctic territories|List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands}} -->

[[Emilio Marcos Palma]] was the first person born on the Antarctic mainland, at [[Esperanza Base|Base Esperanza]] in 1978; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the [[Argentina|Argentinean]] government to determine if family life was suitable on the continent. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the [[Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva|Frei Montalva Station]], becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/oldissues2002-2003/answer.html|title=Questions and answers|publisher=''The Antarctic Sun''|accessdate=2006-02-09}}</ref> -->

The passing of the [[Antarctic Conservation Act]] in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on the continent. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The [[overfishing]] of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on [[fishing]]. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem.<ref name="cia" /> Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of [[Patagonian toothfish]] (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000&nbsp;[[Metric ton|tonnes]] (35,300&nbsp;short tons) in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1492380.stm|title=Toothfish at risk from illegal catches|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2006-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1539|title=Toothfish|publisher=Australian Government Antarctic Division|accessdate=2006-02-11}}</ref> -->

Small-scale "expedition [[tourism]]" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the [[International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators]] (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium [[ship]], focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 [[Southern Hemisphere|Austral summer]] with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number is predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://30atcm.ats.aq/30atcm/Documents/Docs/fr/Atcm30_fr001_e.doc|title=Final Report, 30th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knet.co.za/antarctica/political.htm|title=Politics of Antarctica|accessdate=2006-02-05}}</ref> There has been some recent concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. A call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota have been made by some environmentalists and scientists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/main.jhtml?xml=/travel/2006/02/11/etnewsant.xml&sSheet=/travel/2006/02/11/ixtrvhome.html|title=''Tourism threatens Antarctic''|publisher=''Telegraph UK''|accessdate=2006-02-05}}</ref> The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sight seeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of [[Air New Zealand Flight 901]] in 1979 on [[Mount Erebus]], which killed all 257 aboard. [[Qantas]] resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. -->

Transport on the continent has transformed from explorers crossing the isolated remote area of Antarctica on foot to a more open area due to human technologies enabling more convenient and faster transport by land and predominantly air and water. Recently, using dogs to pull researchers and sledges have been banned. Because they are aliens to Antarctica, there have been objections. Now being used are new electric buggies, but these have a down side. The dogs were excellent for sensing crevices and thin ice, but these new buggies cannot. -->

On [[September 6]], [[2007]], [[Belgian]]-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the [[Princess Elisabeth Base|Princess Elisabeth station]], the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to [[research]] [[climate change]]. Costing $16.3 million, the [[prefabricated]] station, which is part of [[International Polar Year]] will be shipped to the [[South Pole]] from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the [[health]] of the [[polar]] regions. Belgian polar [[explorer]] [[Alain Hubert]] has stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic." [[Johan Berte]] is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which will conduct research in [[climatology]], [[glaciology]] and [[microbiology]].<ref>[http://www.belspo.be/belspo/bepoles/science/station/index_en.stm belspo.be] - Princess Elisabeth Station</ref>

On January, 2008, the [[British Antarctic Survey]] (Bas) scientists led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal [[Nature Geoscience]]) that 2,200 years ago, a [[volcano]] erupted under Antarctica ice sheet (based on [[airborne]] survey with radar images). The biggest eruption in the last 10,000 years, the volcanic ash was found deposited on the ice surface under the [[Hudson Mountains]], close to [[Pine Island Glacier]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7194579.stm BBC NEWS, Ancient Antarctic eruption noted]</ref> -->

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