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[[ImageGambar:Charles Darwin.jpg|right|frame|[[Charles Darwin]], lulugu téori évolusi dumasar kana [[seléksi alam]].]]
Dina widang [[élmu hayat]], '''évolusi''' hartina parobahan pasipatan [[organisme]] dina sababaraha turunan, kaasup lahirna [[spésiés]] anyar. Ku majuna [[genetika]] modérn taun [[1940-an]], évolusi diwatesan leuwih husus salaku parobahan frékuénsi [[alél]] dina hiji populasi ti hiji generasi ka generasi salajengna. Dina widang séjén, ''évolusi'' dipaké leuwih umum pikeun nujul prosés parobahan naon waé sapanjang waktu.
 
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# The mechanisms that cause some traits to persist while others perish.
 
The modern synthesis, like its Mendelian and Darwinian antecedents, is a scientific theory. In plain English, people use the word "theory" to signify "conjecture", "speculation", or "opinion". In contrast, a [[theory|scientific theory]] is a model of the world (or some portion of it) from which [[falsifiability|falsifiable]] [[hypothesis|hypotheses]] can be generated and be verified through [[empiricism|empirical observation]]. In this sense, "theory" and "fact" do not stand in opposition, but rather exist in a reciprocal relationship — for example, it is a "fact" that an [[apple]] dropped on earth will fall towards the center of the planet in a straight line, and the "theory" which explains it is the current theory of [[gravitation]]. Currently, the modern synthesis is the most [[predictive power|powerful]] theory explaining variation and speciation, and within the [[science]] of [[biology]], it has completely replaced other explanations for the origin of species, including [[creationism]] and [[Lamarckism]].
 
===Karuhun organisme===
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A group of organisms is said to have [[common descent]] if they have a common ancestor. In [[biology]], the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.
 
Evidence for common descent may be found in traits shared between all living organisms. In Darwin's day, the evidence of shared traits was based solely on visible observation of [[morphology (biology)|morphologic]] similarities, such as the fact that all birds — even those which do not fly — have wings. Today, the theory of evolution has been strongly confirmed by the science of [[DNA]] genetics. For example, every living thing makes use of [[nucleic acid]]s as its genetic material, and uses the same twenty [[amino acid]]s as the building blocks for [[protein]]s. All organisms use the same [[genetic code]] (with some extremely rare and minor deviations) to [[translation (genetics)|translate]] nucleic acid sequences into proteins. Because the selection of these traits is somewhat arbitrary, their universality strongly suggests common ancestry.
 
In addition, [[abiogenesis]] — the generation of life from non-living matter — has never been observed, indicating that the [[origin of life]] from non-life is either extremely rare or only happens under conditions very unlike those of modern Earth. The 1953 [[Miller-Urey experiment]] suggests that conditions on the ancient earth may have permitted abiogenesis.
 
Since abiogenesis is rare or impossible under modern conditions and the evolutionary process is exceedingly slow, the diversity and complexity of modern life requires that the Earth be very old, on the order of billions of years. This is compatible with [[geology|geological]] evidence that the Earth is approximately [[Age of the earth|4.6 billion years old]]. (See [[Timeline of evolution]].)
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====Natural selection====
{{mainarticle|Natural selection}}
Natural selection is based on differential survival and reproduction rates as a result of the environment. Differential mortality is the survival rate of individuals before their reproductive age. If they survive, they are then selected further by differential fertility — that is, their total genetic contribution to the next generation.
 
Natural selection can be subdivided into two categories:
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[[Speciation]] is the creation of two or more species from one. There are various mechanisms by which this may take place. [[Allopatric speciation]] begins when subpopulations of a species become isolated geographically, for example by [[habitat fragmentation]] or migration. [[Sympatric speciation]] occurs when new species emerge in the same geographic area. [[Ernst Mayr]]'s [[peripatric speciation]] is a type of speciation that exists in between the extremes of allopatry and sympatry. Peripatric speciation is a critical underpinning of the theory of [[punctuated equilibrium]].
 
[[Extinction]] is the disappearance of species (i.e. [[gene pool]]s). The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species. Extinction is not an unusual event in [[geological time]] — species are created by speciation, and disappear through extinction.
 
==Evolutionary biology==
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==References==
*Darwin, Charles [[November 24]] [[1859]]. ''On the [[Origin of Species]] by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. 502 pages. Reprinted: Gramercy (May 22, 1995). ISBN 05171232070-517-12320-7
*Zimmer, Carl. ''Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea''. Perennial (October 1, 2002). ISBN 00609585020-06-095850-2
*Larson, Edward J. ''Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory'' (Modern Library Chronicles). Modern Library (May 4, 2004). ISBN 06796428890-679-64288-9
*Mayr, Ernst. ''What Evolution Is''. Basic Books (October, 2002). ISBN 04650442630-465-04426-3
*Gigerenzer, Gerd, et al., ''The empire of chance: how probability changed science and everyday life'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
 
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== Sumber rujukan ==
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evolution Evolution, ti Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 15 Juni 2005.
 
== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://nationalacademies.org/evolution/ National Academies Evolution Resources]
* [http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/Main_Page EvoWiki] - A wiki dedicated to Evolution
* [http://www.chains-of-reason.org/chains/evolution-by-natural-selection/introduction.htm Evolution by Natural Selection] - An introduction to the logic of the theory of evolution by natural selection
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/index.html Evolution] - Provided by ''[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]''.
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable Howstuffworks.com - How Evolution Works]
* [http://www.talkorigins.org Talk.Origins Archive] - see also [[talk.origins]]
* [http://pages.britishlibrary.net/charles.darwin/ Charles Darwin's writings]
* [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/genome/evolution.php Evolution News from Genome News Network (GNN)]
* [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309063647/html/ National Academy Press: Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science]
 
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[[ia:Evolution]]
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