Kangker: Béda antarrépisi
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{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = Kangker |
Image = Normal cancer cell division from NIH.png |
Caption = Mun sél normal ruksak sarta teu bisa diropéa deui, mangka ieu sél bakal diancurkeun ku [[apoptosis]] (A). Sél kangker bisa nyingkahan apoptosis sarta terus ngalobaan sacara acak, teu bisa diatur (B). |
DiseasesDB = 28843 |
ICD10 = |
ICD9 = |
ICDO = |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = 001289 |
eMedicineSubj = |
eMedicineTopic = |
MeshID = D009369 |
}}
'''Kangker''' téh hiji [[kasakit]] mangrupa populasi [[sél]] nu tumuwuh sarta [[pameulahan sél|baranahan]] tanpa nuturkeun watesan normal, ngaranjah sarta ngancurkeun jaringan nu aya di sabudeureunana, sarta bisa nyebar ka loka [[anatomi]] anu jauh dina prosés anu katelah ''[[métastasis]]''. Pasipatan kangker anu [[gangas]] (''malignant'') béda ti [[tumor jinak]] anu tumuwuhna kawates sarta teu ngaranjah atawa métastasis (najan aya sababaraha tipeu tumor anu bisa jadi gangas). Kangker bisa narajang ka sakabéh umur, tapi ilaharna mah résiko katarajang téh beuki gedé luyu jeung nambahna umur.<ref name="Cancer Research UK">{{cite web | last =Cancer Research UK | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =UK cancer incidence statistics by age | work = | publisher = | date =Jan 2007 | url =http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/incidence/age/ | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-06-25 }}</ref> Kiwari, 13% nu maot téh alatan kangker.<ref name="WHO">{{cite web | last =WHO | first = | authorlink =World Health Organization | coauthors = | title =Cancer | work = | publisher =World Health Organization | date =Péb 2006 | url =http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/ | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-06-25 }}</ref>
Ampir sakabéh kangker téh alatan abnormalitas [[génom|bahan genetik]] sél anu ngalaman [[transformasi gangas|transformasi]]. Abnormalitas ieu bisa jadi balukar ayana [[karsinogén]], kayaning [[haseup bako]], [[radiasi éléktromagnétik|radiasi]], [[bahan kimia]], atawa [[kuman]]. Abnormalitas genetik lianna anu bisa ngabalukarkeun kangker bisa ogé alatan kasalahan nalika [[réplikasi DNA]] atawa [[cacad genetik|turunan]], sahingga aya di sakabéh sél ti barang bray ka alam dunya.
Interaksi anu pajeulit antara karsinogén jeung [[génom]] inang bisa mangaruhan tumuwuh/henteuna kangker. Jihat séjén anu ayeuna keur haneut-haneutna ditalungtik nyaéta ngeunaan genetika patogenesis kangker, hususna [[métilasi DNA]] jeung [[mikroRNA]].
Abnormalitas genetik nu aya dina kangker sacara husus mangaruhan dua kelas gén. ''[[Onkogén]]'' anu ngarojong-kangker mideng jadi aktif dina sél-sél kangker, sahingga ieu sél mibanda pasipatan anyar, kayaning tumuwuh & baranahanana hiperaktif, ngalawan [[apoptosis|program paéh sél]], ngaleungitkeun wates jaringan, sarta bisa hirup dina rupa-rupa kaayaan/lingkungan jaringan. Dina sél kangker, ''[[gén suprésor tumor]]'' mindeng jadi teu aktif, ngabalukarkeun leungitna fungsi sél anu normal, misalna baé réplikasi DNA jadi teu ciples (teu akurat), [[daur sél]] jadi teu kakontrol, oriéntasi & adhési dina jaringan jadi robah, sarta pegatna interaksi jeung sél-sél dina [[sistem imun]].
Kangker biasana digolongkeung dumasar asal sél kangkerna sarta tipeu sél normalna (perenah jeung [[histologi]]na). Ieu kasakit didiagnosis dumasar hasil uji histologis spésimén [[biopsi]] jaringan ku [[patologi anatomi|ahli patologi]], sanajan totondén awal kagangasanana bisa ogé kapanggih dumasar gambar radiografi. Ieu kasakit lolobana bisa diubaran, gumantung kana tipeu, perenah, jeung [[hambalan kangker|hambalanana]]. Mun geus kapanggih, kangker biasana ditatambaan ku cara di[[bedah]], [[kémoterapi]], jeung [[terapi radiasi|radioterapi]]. Luyu jeung kamekaran panalungtikan, natambaan kangker téh beuki spésifik pikeun rupa-rupa kangker, sahingga bisa ngurangan karuksakan sél-sél anu normalna.
== Klasifikasi ==
=== Ngaran ===
Di handap ieu istilah-istilah anu dalit jeung kamekaran anu teu normal:
* '''[[Néoplasia|Néoplasm]]''': istilah ilmiah anu nujul ka pameulahan/proliferasi abnormal sél anu robah genetikna.
* '''Néoplasm gangas''' (''malignant neoplasm''):''' sarua jeung kangker.
* '''[[Tumor]]:''' hartina lega, bisa bareuh naon waé. Tapi, sacara husus tumor biasana nujul ka '''néoplasm solid'''; sababaraha néoplasm, misalan waé kangker getih, henteu solid (padet, kaku).
* '''[[Tumor jinak]]''' (''benign tumor''): tumor (néoplasm solid) anu tumuwuhna bisa ngawatesan manéh sarta teu ngaranjah jaringan séjén atawa [[métastasis|ngamétastasis]].
* '''Pra-gangas''' (''pre-malignancy''): néoplasm non-invasif nu teu ngabentuk massa, tapi bisa jadi kangker mun henteu ditatambaan. Néoplasm pra-gangas bisa némbongkeun parobahan mikroskopis, misalna [[displasia]] atawa [[atipia]].
Kangker diklasifikasi dumasar tipeu sél (asal jaringan) anu ngawangun tumorna. Contona, di antarana:
* '''[[Karsinoma]]''' (''carcinoma''): tumor gangas nu diturunkeun tina sél [[épitélium|épitél]]. Golongan ieu ngawakilan kangker anu paling umum, ngawengku [[kangker pinareup]], [[kangker prostat|prostat]], [[kangker bayah|bayah]], jeung [[kangker kolon]].
* '''[[Sarkoma]]''' (''sarcoma''): tumor gangas anu diturunkeun tina [[jaringan konéktif]] atawa sél-sél [[mésénkim]].
* '''[[Limpoma]]''' (''lymphoma'') jeung '''[[leukemia]]''': kagangasan diturunkeun ti sél hématopoiétik (nu ngabentuk [[getih]]).
* '''[[Tumor sél bibit]]''' (''germ cell tumor''): tumor diturunkeun tina sél [[totipotén]]. Di nu sawawa, mindeng kapanggih dina [[téstis]] jeung [[ovarium]]; dina janin, orok, jeung budak leutik, biasana kapanggih dina ''midline'', utamana dina tungtung ''tailbone''.
* '''Tumor blastik''' (''blastic tumor''): tumor (biasana gangas) nu ngawangun jaringan émbrionik nu teu asak.<!--
Malignant tumors are usually named using the Latin or Greek root of the organ of origin as a prefix and the above category name as the suffix. For instance, a malignant tumor of the liver is called ''hepatocarcinoma''; a malignant tumor of the fat cells is called ''liposarcoma''. For common cancers, the English organ name is used. For instance, the most common type of [[breast cancer]] is called ''ductal carcinoma of the breast'' or ''mammary ductal carcinoma''. Here, the adjective ''ductal'' refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, resembling normal breast ducts.
Benign tumors are named using '''-oma''' as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For instance, a benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus is called ''leiomyoma'' (the common name of this frequent tumor is ''fibroid''). However, some cancers also use this prefix for historical reasons, examples being [[melanoma]] and [[seminoma]].
===Adult cancers===
In the U.S. and other developed countries, cancer is presently responsible for about 25% of all deaths.<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal">
{{cite journal | author=Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ | title=Cancer statistics, 2005 | journal=CA Cancer J Clin | year=2005 | pages=10-30 | volume=55 | issue=1 | url=http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/55/1/10 | id=PMID 15661684}}</ref> On a yearly basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer. The statistics below are for adults in the United States, and may vary substantially in other countries:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | <big>Male</big>
| rowspan="7" |
! colspan="2" | <big>Female</big>
|-
! width="170px" | most common !! width="170px" | cause of death<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal" />
! width="170px" | most common !! width="170px" | cause of death<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal" />
|-
|[[prostate cancer]] (33%) || lung cancer (31%) || [[breast cancer]] (32%) || lung cancer (27%)
|-
| [[lung cancer]] (13%) || prostate cancer (10%) || lung cancer (12%) || breast cancer (15%)
|-
| [[colorectal cancer]] (10%) || colorectal cancer (10%) || colorectal cancer (11%) || colorectal cancer (10%)
|-
| [[bladder cancer]] (7%) || [[pancreatic cancer]] (5%) || [[endometrial cancer]] (6%) || [[ovarian cancer]] (6%)
|-
| cutaneous [[melanoma]] (5%) || [[leukemia]] (4%) || [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] (4%) || pancreatic cancer (6%)
|}
===Childhood cancers===
Cancer can also occur in young children and adolescents, but it is rare. Some studies have concluded that pediatric cancers, especially [[leukemia]], are on an upward trend.<ref name="Haematologica2005-Dalmasso">
{{cite journal | author=Dalmasso P, Pastore G, Zuccolo L, Maule MM, Pearce N, Merletti F, Magnani C | title=Temporal trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors in north-west Italy,. A report of the Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont | journal=Haematologica | year=2005 | pages=1197-204 | volume=90 | issue=9 | id=PMID}}</ref><ref name="IntJCancer2005-Agha">{{cite journal | author=Agha M, Dimonte B, Greenberg M, Greenberg C, Barr R, McLaughlin JR | title=Incidence trends and projections for childhood cancer in Ontario | journal=Int J Cancer | year=2005 | pages= | volume= | id=PMID}}</ref>
The age of peak incidence of cancer in children occurs during the first year of life. [[Leukemia]] (usually [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia|ALL]]) is the most common infant malignancy (30%), followed by the [[brain tumor|central nervous system cancers]] and [[neuroblastoma]]. The remainder consists of [[Wilms' tumor]], [[lymphoma]]s, [[rhabdomyosarcoma]] (arising from muscle), [[retinoblastoma]], [[osteosarcoma]] and [[Ewing's sarcoma]].<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal" /> [[Teratoma]] is the most common tumor in this age group, but most teratomas are surgically removed while still benign.
Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, but white infants have substantially higher cancer rates than black infants for most cancer types. Relative survival for infants is very good for neuroblastoma, [[Wilms' tumor]] and [[retinoblastoma]], and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer.
-->
== Rujukan ==
* Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Cancer|Cancer]]''. Dicutat 2007-09-12.
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