Stockholm: Béda antarrépisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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'''{{Audio|sv-Stockholm.ogg|Stockholm}}''' ({{IPA2|'stɔkhɔlm}}; [[UN/LOCODE]]: <code>SE STO</code>) nyaéta [[ibukota]] [[Swédia]], jadi tempat [[Pamaréntahan Swédia|pamaréntahan]] jeung [[Parlemén Swédia|parleménna]] salian ti ogé jadi tempat cicingna pamingpin nagara Swédia, [[Carl XVI Gustaf ti Swédia|King Carl XVI Gustaf]].
Stockholm geus jadi puseur pulitik jeung ekonomi Swedia ti saprak [[abad ka-13]].
Kalayan lokasina nu aya di basisir wetan Swedia dina sungut [[Mälaren|Situ Mälaren]], di [[kapuloan Stockholm]], Stockholm kasohor ku kaendahannana.
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== Sajarah ==
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The location appears in [[Norse saga]]s as [[Agnafit]], and especially in connection with the legendary king [[Agne]]. The earliest mention of Stockholm in writing dates from 1252, when the mines in [[Bergslagen]] made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name (''stock'') means log, while the second (''holm'') means islet, and refers to the islet [[Stadsholmen]] in central Stockholm which for centuries constituted the main part of Stockholm.
The city is said to have been founded by [[Birger Jarl]] in order to protect Sweden from a sea invasion by foreign navies, and to stop the pillage of towns such as [[Sigtuna]] on Lake Mälaren. It is also said that the name derives from the spot where a log (''stock'') pushed into the waters, and following its currents, drifted upon an islet (''holm''). This location would thus constitute the best location for a harbour for returning ships.
The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the [[List of Danish monarchs|Danish Kings]] of the [[Kalmar Union]] and the national independence movement in the 15th century. The Danish King [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]] was able to enter the city in 1520. On [[November 8]], [[1520]], massive executions of opposition figures, called the [[Stockholm Bloodbath]], took place. This massacre set off further uprisings, which eventually led to the break-up of the Kalmar Union.
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With the accession of [[Gustav Vasa]] in 1523 and the establishment of a royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching ten thousand by 1600.
The 17th century saw Sweden rise into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680, the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and [[Scandinavia]]n territories.
[[Gambar:Suecia 1-013 ; Stockholm från öster.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Stockholm as a flourishing place of merchancy around 1690. Stadsholmen, today's ''[[Gamla stan|Old Town]]'' in the middle. <small>Etching from [[Suecia antiqua et hodierna]]</small>]]
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[[Gambar:Metropolitan Stockholm.png|right|thumb|Municipalities of [[Metropolitan Stockholm]]. Stockholm Municipality orange]]
[[Gambar:Stockholm boroughs 2007.svg|right|thumb|Boroughs of Stockholm Municipality.]]
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=== Lokasi ===
Stockholm is located on Sweden's east coast, where Lake Mälaren meets the [[Baltic Sea]]. The central parts of the city consists of fourteen islands, all part of the [[Stockholm archipelago|archipelago]]. The geographical city centre is virtually situated on the water, in the bay [[Riddarfjärden]]. (Coordinates: {{coor dm|59|21|N|18|4|E|}}.)
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=== Munisipalitas Stockholm ===
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Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders. The officially adapted name for the municipality is ''City of Stockholm'' (''Stockholms stad'' in Swedish).<ref>In official contexts, the municipality of Stockholm calls itself "Stockholms stad" (or City of Stockholm), as does a small number of other Swedish municipalities, and especially the other two Swedish metropols: [[Gothenburg]] and [[Malmö]]. However, the term city has administratively been discontinued in Sweden. See also [[city status in Sweden]]</ref> As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, or boroughs, which carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The City of Stockholm is usually described in terms of its three main parts: [[Stockholm City Centre]] (''Innerstaden''), [[South Stockholm]] (''Söderort'') and [[West Stockholm]] (''Västerort''). The districts of respective parts are:
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== Pulitik jeung pamarentahan ==
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Municipalities are responsible for government-mandated duties, and elections for the [[City Council]] are held every four years, parallel to the [[Swedish general election, 2002|general elections]].
Following the [[Stockholm municipal election, 2006|2006 municipal elections]], the seats are divided in the following way:
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The last decade has seen a significant number of jobs created in [[high technology]] companies. Large employers include [[IBM]], [[Ericsson]], and [[Electrolux]]. Arguably one of the world's leading IT centres is located in [[Kista]], in northern Stockholm.
Stockholm is Sweden's financial center. Major Swedish banks, such as [[Swedbank]], [[Handelsbanken]], and [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken]], are headquartered in Stockholm, as are the major insurance companies [[Skandia]] and [[TryggHansa]]. Stockholm is also home to Sweden's foremost stock exchange, the [[Stockholm Stock Exchange]] (''Stockholmsbörsen''). Finally, about 45% of Swedish companies with more than 200 employees are headquartered in Stockholm.
In the last years, tourism has played an important part in the city's economy. Between 1991–2004, annual overnight stays increased from 4 to 7.7 million.<ref>[http://www.stockholmbusinessregion.se/templates/page____12282.aspx "Besöksnäring"] -- Stockholm Business Region website</ref>
Largest companies by number of employees:
* [[Ericsson]]
* [[Posten (Sweden)|Posten]]
* [[Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken]] (SEB) -- 4,240
* [[Swedbank]]
* [[Södersjukhuset]] (Southern Hospital) -- 3,610
* [[Nordea]]
* [[Handelsbanken]]
* [[IBM Svenska]]
* [[Securitas]]
* [[Connex]]
* [[ISS Facility Services]]
* [[Sveriges Television]] (public television) -- 1,880
* [[Sodexho]]
== Pangatikan ==
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[[Gambar:Royal institute of technology Sweden 20050616.jpg|thumb|300px|Main campus of the [[Royal Institute of Technology]].]]
Research and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with an education in medicine and various research institutions, such as the [[Stockholm Observatory]]. The medical education was eventually formalized in 1811 as the [[Karolinska Institutet]]. The [[Royal Institute of Technology]] (''Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan'', or ''KTH'') was founded in 1827 and is currently Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students. [[Stockholm University]], founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 35,000 students as of 2004. It also incorporates many historical institutions, such as the Observatory, the [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]], and the botanical garden ''[[Bergianska trädgården]]''. The [[Stockholm School of Economics]], founded in 1909, is one of few private institutions of higher education in Sweden.
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Other institutes of higher education are:
* [[Ersta Sköndal University College]]
* The [[Stockholm School of Theology]] (''Teologiska Högskolan, Stockholm'')
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== Démografi ==
The Stockholm region is home to around 20% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 25% of the [[gross domestic product]].
The geographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed throughout the times. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm basically consisted of the area today known as [[Stockholm City Centre|City Centre]], roughly 35 km² or 1/5 of the current municipal area. In the ensuing decades several other areas were incorporated (such as [[Brännkyrka Municipality]] in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, and [[Spånga]] in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971 – with the exception of [[Hansta]], in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from [[Sollentuna Municipality]] and today a nature reserve.
Of the population of 765,044 (2004), 370,482 were men and 394,562 women. The average age is 39.8 years; 40,5% of the population is between
309,480 persons, or 40.4% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried. 211,115 persons, or 27.5% of the population, were married. 85,373, or 11.1% of the population, had been married but divorced.
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|2005 || 771,038 || 9,047,752 || 8,5
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In the latest century, the population of nearby municipalities of [[Stockholm County]] has become important to mention next to the population of Stockholm Municipality, as many municipalities are constituting parts of [[Stockholm urban area]] and as such often considered part of the general term "Stockholm".
As of 2000, [[Stockholm urban area]] extended into 11 municipalities ([[Stockholm Municipality|Stockholm]] 750,000 inh.; [[Huddinge Municipality|Huddinge]] 82,891; [[Järfälla Municipality|Järfälla]] 60,254; [[Solna Municipality|Solna]] 56,605; [[Sollentuna Municipality|Sollentuna]] 53,715; [[Botkyrka Municipality|Botkyrka]] 48,268; [[Haninge Municipality|Haninge]] 40,151; [[Tyresö Municipality|Tyresö]] 36,483; [[Sundbyberg Municipality|Sundbyberg]] 33,868; [[Nacka Municipality|Nacka]] 25,170; [[Danderyd Municipality|Danderyd]] 24,600) and a total population of 1,200,000 inhabitants. If counting the entire [[Stockholm County]], with its 26 municipalities, the population reaches 1,900,000 inhabitants.
=== Rujukan démografis ===
: Stockholm Statistical Yearbook, 2006 (''Stockholms statistiska årsbok för 2006'').
== Budaya ==
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Apart from being a large city with an active cultural life, Stockholm, as Sweden's capital, houses many national cultural institutions. Most notably, there are two [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage site]]s in the Stockholm area: the [[Drottningholm Palace|Royal Palace Drottningholm]] (within [[Ekerö Municipality]]) and the [[Skogskyrkogården|Forest Cemetery Skogskyrkogården]].
[[Gambar:GamlaStan from Katarinahissen Stockholm Swe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Gamla stan|Stockholm Old Town]]]]
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[[Gambar:Riddarholmskyrkan01.jpg|right|thumb|[[Riddarholmskyrkan]], the oldest building in Stockholm.]]
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The city's oldest part is “Gamla Stan” (Old Town), on the small islands of the city's early development. It still mainly featuring its original medieval street net. The oldest building in Stockholm is the [[Riddarholmskyrkan]] from the late 13th century. After the castle fire in 1697 when the medieval castle was destroyed, today's [[Stockholm Palace]] was erected in baroque style. [[Storkyrkan]] Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is featuring baroque exteriors from the 18th century.
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The most renowned national museum is the [[Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts]], with Sweden's largest collection of art: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 objects of art handicraft. The collection stems back to the days of [[Gustav Vasa]] in the 16th century, and has since been expanded with works by artists such as [[Rembrandt]], and [[Antoine Watteau]], as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of [[Alexander Roslin]], [[Anders Zorn]], [[Johan Tobias Sergel]], [[Carl Larsson]], [[Carl Fredrik Hill]] and [[Ernst Josephson]]. Most of Stockholm's state-operated museums have free entrance.
The Museum of Modern Art, or ''[[Moderna Museet]]'', is Sweden's national museum of modern art. It has works by foremost modern artists such as [[Picasso]] and [[Salvador Dalí]].
Other notable museums:
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The most popular spectator sports are [[football (soccer)|football]] and [[ice hockey]]. The three most popular football teams in the Stockholm region are [[AIK]], [[Hammarby IF]] and [[Djurgårdens IF Fotboll|Djurgårdens IF]]. In ice hockey, Stockholm's highest rated team is [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey|Djurgårdens IF]].
Historically, the city was the host of the [[1912 Summer Olympics]]. From those days stem the [[Stockholms Olympiastadion]] which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics, and is the current home arena of Djurgårdens IF. For the ice hockey team, the home arena is [[Stockholm Globe Arena]], one of the largest spherical building in the world, but it is also hosting concerts and other events.
Stockholm also hosted all but one of the [[Nordic Games]], a winter [[multi-sport event]] that predated the [[Winter Olympics]].
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== Angkutan ==
=== Angkutan umum ===
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Stockholm has an extensive [[public transport]] system. It consists of the [[Stockholm Metro]] (''Tunnelbanan''); three regional/suburban rail systems: [[Stockholm commuter rail|commuter rail]] (''pendeltåg''), [[Roslagsbanan]], and [[Saltsjöbanan]]; three light rail systems: [[Nockebybanan]], [[Lidingöbanan]], and [[Tvärbanan]]; and a large amount of bus lines.
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The SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for easy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. A single ticket costs 20 [[Swedish krona|SEK]] (2.17 [[Euro|EUR]]; 2.75 [[United States dollar|USD]]) and is valid for one hour. The duration of the travel card validity depends on the exact type, they are available from 24 hours up to a year. A 30-day card costs 600 SEK (65 EUR; 82 USD). Tickets of both types are available with reduced price for persons under 20 and over 65 years old.
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==== Ongkos macét ====
Stockholm city has had a trial period with electronicly collected congestion charges. This trial was between January 3, 2006 and July 31, 2006. The trial period project is called '''Stockholmsförsöket''' - The Stockholm trial.
After closing the trials on the 31:st of August 2006, various municipal referendums on the issue were held in September of 2006. The municipality of Stockholm voted in favour of re-introducing the congestion charges, and furthermore to invest the money gained from the congestion charges in public transport. Some of the municipalities sorrounding Stockholm, however, arranged referendums of their own, all of them resulting in opposition to the congestion charges. Since Swedish referendums are but consultative, and since the permanent implementation of the taxes requires a decision from the [[Parliament of Sweden|Riksdag]], a decision has been made by the cabinet of Prime Minister Reinfeld - the charges will eventually be implemented by spring of 2007, but the tax revenues gained from the congestion charges will be used to expand the motorway system of the Stockholm County.
During the trial period the following was valid:
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== Kota kembar ==
The policy of Stockholm is to have informal [[town twinning]] with all capitals of the world, with its main focus being those in northern Europe. Stockholm does not sign any formal town twinning treaties, although the city claims to have established such treaties in the past which are still valid.
The cities claiming to having been with Stockholm are:
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* [http://www.visit-stockholm.com/ Visit Stockholm] a guide operated by a for-profit website
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* [http://www.bacoll.se/webbkamerademo/gondolen/webbkamera-alla_stor.html Webcams]
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