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Baris ka-9: {{Taxobox end}} '''Vertebrata''' ~~mangrupakeun~~mangrupa hiji [[subfilum]] [[chordata]], nu sacara husus ngawengku sasatoan nu boga tulang tonggong atawa [[sungsum tulang tonggong]]. Numutkeun téori, vertebrata mimiti ngalaman évolusi kira 530 taun ka tukang dina mangsa [[ledakan Kambrian]], nu mangrupa bagian tina yuga [[Kambrian]] (vertebrata munggaran nu dipikawanoh nyaéta [[Myllokunmingia]]). Tulang dina tonggong (atawa '''kolom vertebral''') disebut [[vertebrae]]. ''Vertebrata'' ~~mangrupakeun~~mangrupa subfilum chordata pangbadagna, nu ngawengku sasatoan nu ilahar dipikawanoh ku manusa (iwal [[~~serangga~~insékta]]). [[Lauk]] (kaasup [[belut]]), [[ampibi]], [[réptil]], [[manuk]], jeung [[mamalia]] (kaasup [[manusa]]) téh kaasup vertebrata. Ciri lianna subfilum ieu nyaéta ayana [[sistim otot]] jeung [[sistim saraf pusat]] nu sawaréh aya dina jero tulang tonggong. Ciri nu ngawatesan vertebrata nyaéta [[tulang tonggong]] atawa [[sungsum tulang]], [[uteuk]] nu kawadahan dina [[tangkorak]], sarta [[rorongkong]] internal. <!-- The internal [[skeleton]] which defines vertebrates consists of [[cartilage]] or [[bone]], or in some cases both. An outer skeleton in form of a bony armour was the first bony substance the vertebrates evolved. It is possible its primary function was as a phosphate reservoir, excreted as calcium phosphate and stored around the body, offering protection at the same time. The skeleton provides support to the organism during the period of growth. For this reason vertebrates can achieve larger sizes than [[invertebrates]], and on average vertebrates are in fact larger. The skeleton of most vertebrates, that is excluding the most primitive ones, consists of a [[skull]], the vertebral column and two pairs of [[limb]]s. In some forms of vertebrates, one or both of these pairs of limbs may be absent, such as in [[snake]]s or [[whale]]s. These limbs have been lost in the course of evolution. Baris ka-27: == Baca ogé == * [[Invertebrata]] Rorongkong internal nu nyirikeun vertebrata diwangun ku tulang atawa kartilage, atawa, kadang, duanana. Rorongkong ieu ~~mangrupakeun~~mangrupa pangrojong organismena nalika tumuwuh. Ku kituna, vertebrata bisa boga awak leuwih badag batan invertebrata. Rorongkongna ngawengku tangkorak, kolom vertebral sarta dua pasang anggota gerak. Aya ogé nu teu boga anggota gerak, kayaning [[oray]] jeung [[paus]], nu numutkeun téorina mah ngaleungit dina prosés évolusina. == Sumber rujukan ==

Vertebrata: Béda antarrépisi