Éropa: Béda antarrépisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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[[Gambar:LocationEurope.png|thumb|250px|right|Perenah buana Éropa dina peta dunya]]
<!--[[Image:Europesatelliteorthographic101.jpg|thumb|250px|A satellite composite image of Europe]]-->
'''Éropa''' nyaéta salasahiiji tina tujuh [[buana]] tradisional di [[Marcapada]]. Sacara [[Géografi fisik|fisik]] jeung [[géologi]]s, Éropa
Numutkeun [[lega]]na, Éropa téh minangka buana pangleutikna kadua sanggeus [[Australia]], ngawengku 10.400.000 [[kilométer pasagi]] atawa 2,0% tina beungeut [[Bumi]]. Numutkeun [[populasi]]na, ieu buana téh katilu pangbadagna (sanggeus [[Asia]] jeung [[Aprika]]) kalawan populasi 710 juta atawa kira 11% ti populasi sadunya. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
However, the term ''continent'' can refer to a [[human geography|cultural and political]] distinction or a [[physical geography|physiographic]] one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's precise borders,
The [[European Union]] – comprising 27 member [[state]]s, and 3 candidates in accession negotiations ([[Republic of Macedonia]],[[Turkey]] and [[Croatia]]) – is the largest political and economic entity covering the European continent, while [[Russia]] (excluding portions in Asia) is the second largest entity and Europe's largest state in
{{Europe Labelled Map|float=right|teks=Peta Eropa}}
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In [[Greek mythology]], [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] was a [[Phoenicia]]n princess who was abducted by [[Zeus]] in bull form and taken to the island of [[Crete]], where she gave birth to [[Minos]]. For [[Homer]], '''Europe''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{polytonic|Εὐρώπη}} ''{{Unicode|Eurṓpē}}''; see also [[List of traditional Greek place names]]) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation. Later ''Europa'' stood for [[Geography of Greece|mainland Greece]], and by [[500 BC]] its meaning had been extended to lands to the north.
In etymology one theory suggests the name ''Europe'' is derived from the Greek words meaning broad (''eurys'') and face (''ops'') – ''broad'' having been an [[epithet]] of [[Earth]] herself in the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]; see [[Prithvi]] (''Plataia''). A minority, however, suggest this Greek [[popular etymology]] is
The majority of major world languages use words derived from "Europa" to refer to the continent – e.g. Chinese uses the word ''{{Unicode|Ōuzhōu}}'' (歐洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name ''{{Unicode|Ōuluóbā zhōu}}'' (歐羅巴洲).
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{{utama|Sajarah Éropa}}
The origins of Western [[democracy|democratic]] and [[individualism|individualistic]] [[culture]] are often attributed to [[Ancient Greece]], though numerous other distinct influences, in particular [[Christianity]], can also be credited with the
After the [[decline of the Roman Empire]], Europe entered a long period of changes arising from what is known as the [[Age of Migrations]]. That period has been known as the "[[Dark Ages]]" to [[Renaissance]] thinkers. Isolated monastic communities in [[Ireland]] and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled written knowledge accumulated previously.
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During this time, the western part of the Roman Empire was "reborn" as the [[Holy Roman Empire]], later called [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]]. The eastern part of the Roman Empire became known in the west as the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The 'Byzantines' themselves still called themselves {{polytonic|Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων}} ''Basileia tōn Romaiōn'' - the Empire of the Romans. In 1453, when the [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered the Byzantine capital [[Constantinople]], the Byzantine Empire ceased to exist, with a small hold out state of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] which lasted until 1461.
The [[Renaissance]] and the [[New Monarchs]] marked the start of a period of discovery, exploration, and
After the age of discovery, the ideas of [[democracy]] took hold in Europe. Struggles for independence arose, most notably in [[France]] during the period known as the [[French Revolution]]. This led to vast upheaval in Europe as these revolutionary ideas propagated across the continent. The rise of democracy led to
The [[Industrial Revolution]] started in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the late [[18th century]], leading to a move away from agriculture, much
[[European integration]] has been a theme in European relations since the end of the second World War, and has accelerated since the end of the [[Cold War]]. The [[European Union]], the successor to the [[European Community]], has enlarged from 6 original founding members to 27 today. The potential admission of [[Turkey]] is contentious, as it involves a transcontinental country with a predominantly [[Muslim]] population. Turkey is also in dispute with an existing member, [[Greece]], over the future of [[Cyprus]]. Negotiations are therefore expected to be lengthy. The European Union has developed from a trade-oriented organisation into one resembling a confederation in a number of respects. European membership of [[NATO]] has also
== Géografi jeung legana ==
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[[Gambar:Thorsmork2005.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Þórsmörk|Thorsmork]] in [[Iceland]] in the fall]]
[[Physical geography|Physiographically]], Europe is the northwestern constituent of the larger landmass known as [[Eurasia]], or [[Africa-Eurasia]]: [[Asia]] occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass (save the [[Suez Canal]] separating Asia and [[Africa]]) and all share a common [[continental shelf]]. Europe's eastern frontier is now commonly delineated by the [[Ural Mountains]] in [[Russia]] ([[Strabo]], ''Geography'' 11.1, took the [[Tanais River]] to be the boundary, as did early Judaic sources). The south-east boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the [[Ural River|Ural]] or, alternatively, the [[Emba River|Emba]] River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the [[Caspian Sea]], the crest of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] or, alternatively, the [[Kura River]] in the [[Caucasus]], and on to the [[Black Sea]]; the [[Bosporus]], the [[Sea of Marmara]], and the [[Dardanelles]] conclude the Asian boundary. However, numerous geographers consider [[Azerbaijan]]'s and [[Armenia]]'s southern border with [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]]'s southern and eastern border with [[Syria]], [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] as the boundary between [[Asia]] and Europe because of political and cultural
Due to sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them. For instance, geographers from [[Post-Soviet states|Russia and other post-Soviet states]] generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia.
In another usage, ''Europe'' is
=== Géografi fisis ===
Land relief in Europe shows
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. [[Iceland]] and the [[British Isles]] are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland
== Biodiversitas ==
<!-- Probably this should be transferred to a new article named "Biodiversity of Europe" and only the summary should be left here. Specific species should be added. -->
Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. With the exception of [[Scandinavia]] and northern [[Russia]], few
The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is [[forest]]. The conditions for growth are very favourable. In the north, the [[Gulf Stream]] and [[North Atlantic Drift]] warm the continent. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these ([[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]]) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Others are oriented south-north ([[Scandinavian Mountains]], [[Dinaric Alps|Dinarides]], [[Carpathians]], [[Apennines]]) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by [[livestock]] at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems.
Eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest. It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of [[deforestation]], Europe still has over one quarter of its land
[[Gambar:Poland Bialowieza - BPN.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Białowieża National Park]], Poland]]
In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both [[flowering plant|broadleaf]] and [[pinophyta|coniferous]] trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europe are [[beech]] and [[oak]]. In the north, the taiga is a mixed [[spruce]]-[[pine]]-[[birch]] forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to [[tundra]] as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranean, many [[olive]] trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; [[Cupressus sempervirens|Mediterranean Cypress]] is also widely planted in southern Europe. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian [[grassland]] (the [[steppe]]) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north.
Glaciation during the most recent [[ice age]] and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top [[predator]] species have been hunted to extinction. The [[woolly mammoth]] and [[aurochs]] were extinct before the end of the [[Neolithic]] period. Today [[wolf|wolves]] ([[carnivore]]s) and [[bears]] ([[omnivore]]s) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the [[Middle Ages]] the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover.[[Gambar:Praia do Tamariz - Estoril.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Tamariz beach - [[Portugal]]]] Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these
Other important European carnivores are [[Eurasian lynx]], European [[wild cat]], [[fox]]es (especially the [[red fox]]), [[jackal]] and different species of [[marten]]s, [[hedgehog]]s, different species of snakes ([[viper]]s, [[grass snake]]...), different birds ([[owl]]s, [[hawk]]s and other [[birds of prey]]).
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Important European [[herbivore]]s are [[snail]]s, [[amphibian]] [[larva]]e, [[fish]], different birds, and [[mammal]]s, like [[rodent]]s, [[deer]] and [[roe deer]], [[boar]]s, and living in the mountains, [[marmot]]s, [[Alpine Ibex|steinbocks]], [[chamois]] among others.
Sea
== Démografis ==
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Some current and past issues in European demographics have included [[Emigration|religious emigration]], [[race relations]], [[Immigration#Why do people immigrate.3F|economic immigration]], a declining [[birth rate]] and an [[ageing population]]. In some countries, such as the [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Poland]], access to [[abortion]] is currently limited; in the past, such restrictions and also restrictions on artificial birth control were commonplace throughout Europe. Furthermore, two European countries (currently [[The Netherlands]] and [[Switzerland]]) have allowed a limited form of [[voluntary euthanasia]]. It remains to be seen how much demographic impact this may have.
In 2005, the '''population of Europe''' was estimated to be 728 million according to the [[United Nations]], which is slightly more than one-ninth of the [[world]]'s population. A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other
== Géografi pulitis ==
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{{utama|Éropa Latén}}
[[Romance languages]] are spoken more or less in south-western Europe, as well as [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]] which are situated in [[Eastern Europe]]. This
=== Basa Jermanik ===
{{utama|Éropa Jermanik}}
[[Germanic languages]] are spoken more or less in north-western Europe and some parts of [[central Europe]]. This region consists of: [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Denmark]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], most of [[Switzerland]], [[Iceland]], [[Flanders]] and the German-speaking
=== Basa Slavik ===
{{utama|Éropa Slavik}}
[[Slavic languages]] are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. This
=== Basa Uralik ===
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* '''[[Christianity]]'''
** '''[[Roman Catholicism]]''': Countries or
** '''[[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches|Eastern-Rite Catholicism]]''': including west [[Ukraine]].
** '''[[Orthodox Christianity]]''': The countries with significant Orthodox populations are [[Albania]], [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus]], [[Finland]] ([[Karelia]]), [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Greece]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Ukraine]].
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* '''[[Judaism]]''', mainly in [[Germany]], [[France]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]].
* '''[[Hinduism]]''', mainly among [[India]]n immigrants in the [[United Kingdom]].
* '''[[Buddhism]]''', thinly
* Indigenous European '''[[Polytheistic reconstructionism|pagan]]''' traditions and beliefs, many countries.
* '''[[Rastafari]]''', communities in the [[United Kingdom]], France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere.
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* [http://www.geog.tamu.edu/~prout/GVmidtermTwo.html Regions of Europe]
* [http://www.eufpc.org EUFPC European Foreign Policy Council]
* [http://www.parks.it/europa/Eindex.html Parks in Europe] - National parks, nature parks, reserves and other protected
* [http://www.ee-photo.com Eastern European Photos @ ee-photo.com]
* [http://www.euratlas.com/europe_photos/ 500+ Photos of Europe]
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