Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Shrikarsan (obrolan | kontribusi)
Removing Link FA template as it is now available in wikidata
m Ngarapihkeun éjahan, replaced: oge → ogé (2), nyaeta → nyaéta (6), rubah → robah, make → maké (2), rea → réa (3), yen → yén (4), dipake → dipaké , ea → éa (8), kabeh → kabéh (2), pre using AWB
Baris ka-14:
|'''Abbreviation''': || 京 ''Jīng''
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Area|'''[[Area]]''']]: || 16,808 [[square kilometre|km²]] ([[List of China administrative regions by area|29th]])
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Population|'''[[Population]]''']] ([[2004]]): || 14,930,000 ([[List of China administrative regions by population|26th]]) <small> Municipality</small>
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
| || approx. 7.5 million <small>Urban AreaAréa</small>
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Population density|'''Density''']] ([[2004]]): || 888/km² ([[List of China administrative regions by population density|2nd]]) <small> Municipality</small>
Baris ka-33:
| '''City [[flower]]s''': || [[Chrysanthemum]] <br />(''Chrysanthemum morifolium'') <br />[[rose|Chinese rose]] <br /> (''Rosa chinensis'')
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Elevation|'''[[Elevation]]''']]: || 43.5m
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|td valign="top" | [[Geographic coordinate system|'''Coordinates''']]: || {{coor dms|39|54|20|N|116|23|29|E|}}
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Postal code|'''[[Postal code]]''']]: || '''1000'''00 - '''1026'''00
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Area code|'''[[Area code]]''']]: || +86/10
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|'''[[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]''' : || 京A, C, E, F, H, J <br />京B (taxis)<br />京G (outside urban areaaréa)<br />京O (police and authorities)<br />京V (military headquartershéadquarters<br />& central government)
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|'''[[ISO 3166-2]]''': || cn-11
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Time zone|'''[[Time zone]]''']] : || [[UTC|UTC+8]]
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Website|'''[[Website]]''']] : || [http://www.beijing.gov.cn www.beijing.gov.cn]<br /> [http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn www.ebeijing.gov.cn] ([[English language|English]])
|-
!colspan="2" bgcolor="DDDDDD" | Government
Baris ka-55:
|'''[[Communist Party of China|CPC]] Beijing<br /> Committee Secretary:''' || [[Liu Qi]]
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|[[Mayor|'''[[Mayor]]''']]: || [[Wang Qishan]]
|-bgcolor="#f9f9f9"
|'''[[Political divisions of China#County level|County-level divisions]]''':|| 18
Baris ka-61:
|'''[[Political divisions of China#Township level|Township-level divisions]]''':|| 273
|}
'''Beijing''' <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Média:Beijing pronounced in English way.ogg|Ucapan Basa Inggris]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small> ([[Chinese language|Basa Cina]]: 北京 <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Média:Zh-Beijing.ogg|Chinese Pronunciation]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>; [[Pinyin]]: Běijīng; [[IPA]]: {{IPA|pei˨˩˦ tɕɪŋ˥˥}}), kota di kalereun [[China]], nyaetanyaéta [[Capital of China|ibukota]] [[People's Republic of China|Republik Rakyat Cina]] (RRC). Samemehna dina Basa Inggris disebut '''Peking''' or '''Peiking''' <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Média:Peking_pronounced_in_English_wayPeking pronounced in English way.ogg|English Pronunciation]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>. Beijing salah sahiji tina opat [[municipality of China|kotamadya]] di RRC, nu sarua jeung [[province of China|propinsi]] di Cina sacara [[Political divisions of China|struktur administrasi]]. Kotamadya Beijing diwatesan ku [[Hebei|Propinsi Hebei]] di kaler, kulon, kidul jeung sababaraha bageanbagéan di wetan sarta [[Tianjin|Kotamadya Tianjin]] di beulak kidul.
 
Beijing kota kadua panggedene dumasar kana [[population|jumlah pendudukna]] di Cina, sanggeus [[Shanghai]]. Beijing tempat sarana transportasi utama, sababaraha puluh jalan kareta, jalan raya sarta jalan tol kaluar jeung asup ti sagala arah. Beijing ogeogé salah sahiji tujuan penerbangan utama internasional ka Cina. Beijing disiapkeun keur pusat [[political|politik]], [[educational|pendidikan]], jeung [[Chinese culture|budaya]] Republik Rakyat Cina, sedengkeun [[Shanghai]] jeung [[Hong Kong]] keur widang [[economic|ekonomi]].
 
Beijing is salah sahiji [[Historical capitals of China|Opat Ibukota Kota Cina Baheula]] tur bakal jadi tempat [[2008 Summer Olympics|Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008]].
 
== Ngaran ==
Beijing (北京) sacara literatur "ibukota beulah kaler", sajajar sacara tradisi [[East Asia|Asia Wetan]] nu ibukotana digambarkan dina ngaranna. Kota sejen nu ampir sarua nyaetanyaéta [[Nanjing]] (南京), Cina, hartina "ibukota beulah kaler"; [[Tokyo]] (東京), [[Jepang]], jeung [[Đông Kinh]] (東京; ayeuna [[Hanoi]]), [[Vietnam]], hartina "ibukota beulah wetan"; saperti [[Kyoto]] (京都), [[Jepang]], jeung [[Gyeongseong]] (京城; ayeuna [[Seoul]]), [[Korea]], hartina "ibukota".
 
'''Peking''' ngaran kota dina romanisasi [[Postal System Pinyin|Sistim Pos Pinyin]], sarta sacara tradisional ngaran keur Beijing dina Basa Inggris. Watesan aslina ku misionaris Perancis opat ratus taun nu kaliwat, pakait jeung cara ngucapkeun bageanbagéan tina [[sound change|robah sorea]] dina [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Basa Mandarin]] tina {{IPA|[kʲ]}} kana {{IPA|[tɕ]}}. ({{IPA|[tɕ]}} nu digambarkeun dina [[pinyin]] nyaetanyaéta '''j''', nyaetanyaéta dia Bei'''j'''ing), sarta masih dipakedipaké dina sababaraha basa (contona, dina [[Portuguese (language)|Basa Portugis]] ngaranna ''Pequim'').
 
Di [[Cina]], kota ngabogaan [[Geographical renaming|loba ngaran]]. Antara taun 1928&nbsp;[http://www.bartleby.com/67/2470.html] jeung 1949, disebutna '''Beiping''' (北平; [[Pinyin]]: Beiping; [[Wade-Giles]]: Pei-p'ing), hartina "Damey Bagean Kaler". Ngaranna robah — ku ngaleungitkeun unsur hartina "ibukota" (''jing'' or ''king'', 京) — nu ngagambarkeun kanyataan, ku pamarentahan [[Kuomintang]] nu nangtukeun ibukota di [[Nanking]] (pinyin: Nanjing), Peking teu lana jadi ibukota Cina, sarta pamarentahan "warlord" di Peking teu diaku.
 
[[Communist Party of China|Partey Komunis Cina]] malikeun deui kana ngaran Beijing (Peking) dina taun 1949 sarta mutuskeun yenyén Beijing jadi ibukota Cina. Pamarentah [[Republic of China|Republik Cina]] di [[Taiwan]] teu pernah ngaku sacara formal parobahan ieu, sarta salila taun 1950-an jeung 1960-an ilhar di Taiwan keur Beijing disebutna Beiping nu hartina teu satuju sacara hukum kana RRC. Ayeuna, ampir sakabehsakabéh Taiwan, kaasup pamarentah Republik Cina, makemaké ''Beijing'', sanajan sababaraha [[maps|peta]] Cina ti [[Taiwan]] masih makemaké ngaran heubeul dumasar kana wates politik samemeh taun 1949.
 
'''Yanjing''' (燕京; [[Pinyin]]: Yānjīng; [[Wade-Giles]]: Yen-ching) ngaran teu resmi sejen keur Beijing, hiji rujukan baheula dina [[State of Yan]] yenyén aya salila [[Zhou Dynasty]]. Ngaran ieu digambarkeun ku bir lokal [[Yanjing Beer]] sarta [[Peking University|Yenching University]], hiji institut nu geus dihijiekun jeung Universitas Peking. Salila [[Yuan Dynasty]], Beijing disebut '''[[Khanbaliq]]''' nu disbeut ''Cambuluc'' dina itungan [[Marco Polo]].
 
(''Bagean sajarah di handap ngeunaan sajarah sejen ngaran Beijing.'')
 
== Sajarah ==
Geus aya kota sabudeureun Beijing dina [[1st millennium BC|milenium kahiji SM]], sarta ibukota [[State of Yan]], salah sahiji kakuatan dina [[Warring States Period|Periode Perang Nagara]], geus nangtukeun yenyén '''Ji''' ([[Traditional Chinese character|T]]: 薊 / [[Simplified Chinese character|S]]: 蓟), deukeut Beijing modern. Ilahar disebut yenyén Ji nu ngamimitian Beijing tapi Ji geus ditinggalkeun samemeh abad ka 6 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. Tempat sesa-sesa pastina Ji remains teu dipikanyaho, sanajan loba usaha dina waktu-waktu ayeuna keur neangannéangan etaéta tempat.
 
Salila dinasti [[Sui Dynasty|Sui]] (581-618) jeung [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] (618-907), ngan sabageanminangkaan leutik kota aya di ieu wewengkon. Loba sajak baheula nu asalna ti kota nu leungit ieu, sahiji sahij bukti ngeunaan ayana ieu kota.
 
Dina taun 936, [[Later Jin Dynasty (Five Dynasties)|Dinasti Jin Panungtung]] (936-947) Cina beulah kaler sabageanminangkaan gede wates di kaler panghareupna, kaasup Beijing modern, nepi [[Khitan]] [[Liao Dynasty]] dina abad ka-10. Dina taun 938, [[Liao Dynasty]] nyiepakeun ibu kota kadua nu ayeuna Beijing, jeung disebut Nanjing ("Ibukota Beulah Kidul"). Dina taun 1125, [[Jurchen]] [[Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin Dynasty]] ngawasa Liao, sarta dina taun 1153 mindahkeun ibukota Liao Nanjing, disebutna '''Zhongdu''' (中都), "ibukota pusat." Zhongdu ayana di tengah-tengah nu ayeuna sabudeureun [[Tianningsi]], rada ka beulah kidul kulon ti pusat Beijing.
 
[[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] ngancurkeun Zhongdu dina taun 1215 tur ngawangun deui beulah kaler ibukota Jin dina taun 1267. Dina raraga ngawasa sakabehsakabéh Cina, [[Yuan Dynasty|Dinasti Yuan (Mongol)]] "pendiri" [[Kublai Khan]] ngaranan ibukotana '''[[Khanbaliq]]''' ([[Mongolian language|Basa Mongol]] hartina "Istana Khan") atawa '''[[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]''' (大都, [[Chinese written language|Basa Cina]] "ibukota utama"). Tempat ieu disebut ''Cambuluc'' dina catetan [[Marco Polo]]. Sabenerna, Kublai Khan, hayang jadi kaisar sakuliah Cina, nangtukeun ibu di ieu tempat keur gaganti tempat di tengah Cina sabab leuwih deukeut ka pusat kakuatan di Mongol. Kawijakan Khan naekkeun status kota dina kaayaan [[China proper|kakuatan Cina]] di beulah kaler tur mimiti kota Beijing ayeuna. Khanbaliq aya di beulah kaler kota Beijing modern. Watesan ayeuna nyaetanyaéta [[2nd Ring Road]], jeung watesan beulah kaler antara [[3rd Ring Road|3rd]] jeung [[4th Ring Road]]. Di dinya masih bisa kapanggih tembok sesa-sesa dinasti Mongol.
 
Sanggeus [[Dinasti Yuan]] runtuh dina taun 1368, ieu kota diwangun deui ku [[Dinasti Ming]] tur dingaranan '''Shuntian''' (順天). Dina 1403, [[Emperor of China|Kaisar]] Ming Katilu, [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]] mindahkeun ibukota Ming ti [[Nanjing]] (Nanking) tu ngarananan '''Beijing''' ('''Peking''') (北京), "ibukota kaler", nu ayana di kaler. Kaisar Yongle ogeogé nu mere ngaran modern. Beijing salila Dinasti Ming siga kaayaan ayeuna, tur tembok kota era Dinasti Ming disebut [[Beijing city wall|tembok kota Beijing]] masih aya nepi ka kiwari, basa diruntuhkeun tur diwangun jadi [[2nd Ring Road]] di etaéta tempat.
 
Beijing jadi kota panggedena di dunya ti taun 1425 nepi ka taun 1650 tur ti taun 1710 nepi ka taun 1825 [http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm].
Baris ka-99:
Sanggeus [[Manchu]] ngagulingkuen [[Dinasti Ming]] tur ngawangun [[Dinasti Qing]] di ieu tempat, Beijing ditangteukun jadi ibu kota Cina salila periode Qing. Beijing jadi benteng pertahanan luar salila [[Boxer Rebellion|Pemberontakan Boxer]] dina taun 1900.
 
[[Revolusi Xinhai]] taun 1911, hayang ngarubahngarobah aturan Qing kur republik, asalna nangtukeun ibukota di [[Nanjing]]. Sanggeus panguasa Qing pangluhurna [[Yuan Shikai]] ngundurkeun maneh salaku Kaisar Qing di Beijing tur hasilna revolusi, para revolusioner di Nanjing narima Yuan jadi presidenprésidén anyar [[Republik China]], tur ibukotana di Beijing.
<!--
Yuan gradually consolidated power, culminating in his declaration of a Chinese Empire in late 1915 with himself as emperor. The move was highly unpopular, and Yuan himself died less than a year later, ending his brief reign. China then fell under the control of regional warlords, and the most powerful factions fought frequent wars (the [[Zhili-Anhui War]], the [[First Zhili-Fengtian War]], and the [[Second Zhili-Fengtian War]]) to take control of the capital at Beijing.
Baris ka-158:
-->
=== Kota-kota ===
Kota-kota nu kaasup kana Kotamadya Beijing tapi saluareun daerah urban nyaetanyaéta:
* [[Changping]] 昌平
* [[Huairou]] 怀柔
Baris ka-168:
 
=== Bagean administrasi ===
Kotamadya Beijing ayeuna kabagi kana 18 sub-bageanbagéan administrasi, [[Political divisions of China#County level|satuan tingkat wilayah]] diatur langsung ku kotamadya (bageanbagéan tingkat-kadua). Aya 16 [[district of China|distrik]] jeung 2 [[county of China|wilayah]].
 
Daerah urban jeung suburban kota dibagi kana dalapan distrik:
Baris ka-174:
!District
!Population (2000 census)
!AreaAréa (km²)
!Density (per km²)
|-
Baris ka-275:
Over 95% of Beijing's residents belong to the [[Han Chinese]] majority. Smaller populations consisting of members of the [[Manchu]], [[Hui people|Hui]], and [[Mongol]] [[Ethnic groups of China|ethnic groups]] also call the city home. In recent years there has been an influx of [[South Korea]]n expatriates, who live in Beijing predominantly for business and study, and are concentrated in the [[Wangjing]] and [[Wudaokou]] areas. A Tibetan [[high school]] exists for youth of Tibetan ancestry, nearly all of whom have come to Beijing from [[Tibet]] expressly for their studies.
 
A sizable international or expatriate community exists in Beijing, mostly attracted by the highly growing foreign business and trade sector, and many members live in the Beijing urban area's densely populated northern, northeastern and eastern sections. The southwest and southern parts of the Beijing urban area are less densely populated.
 
{| class="wikitable"
Baris ka-320:
[[Teahouse]]s are also common in Beijing. Chinese [[tea]] comes in many varieties and some rather expensive types of Chinese tea are said to cure an ailing body extraordinarily well.
 
The [[Jingtailan]] is a [[cloisonné]] metalworking technique and tradition originating from Beijing, and one of the most revered traditional crafts in China. [[Beijing lacquerware]] is well known for the patterns and images carved into its surface.
 
The [[Fuling Jiabing]] is a traditional Beijing snack food, a pancake (''bing'') resembling a flat disk with filling, made from ''fu ling'' (''[[Poria cocos]] (Schw.) Wolf'', or "tuckahoe"), an ingredient common in traditional [[Chinese medicine]].
Baris ka-417:
*[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral]]
*[[Holy Saviour Church]]
*[[Niujie Mosque]]
 
====Parks and gardens====
Baris ka-447:
*The [[Ming Dynasty Tombs]] ([[World Heritage Site]])
*[[Peking Man]] Site at [[Zhoukoudian]] ([[World Heritage Site]])
*[[Shidu]]
 
===Hotels and lodging===
Baris ka-471:
:''Main article: [[Colleges and Universities of Beijing]]''
 
Beijing is home to a great number of colleges and universities, including several well-regarded universities of international stature, especially including China's two most prestigious institutions, [[Peking University]] ("Beida") and [[Tsinghua University]]. Other well known institutions, domestically and internationally, include [[Beijing Normal University]] and [[Renmin University of China]].
 
Owing to Beijing's status as the political and cultural capital of China, a larger proportion of tertiary-level institutions are concreated here than probably any other city in China, reaching at least 59 in number. Many international students from [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Southeast Asia]], and elsewhere come to Beijing to study every year, a growing trend, especially among Western students. The institutions listed here are administered by China's [[Ministry of Education]].
Baris ka-675:
==Books==
*[http://www.lulu.com/content/249070 ''The Diaries of Sir Ernest Satow, British Envoy in Peking (1900-06)''] edited by Ian Ruxton in two volumes, Lulu Press Inc., April 2006 ISBN 1-4116-8804-X (Volume One); ISBN 1-4116-8805-8 (Volume Two)
 
*[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/097733340X ''Insider's Guide to Beijing''], guide book about present day Beijing with Beijing-citizen editors and in-scene insiders reporting about Beijing's numerous faces (e.g. Jon Campbell about rock scene in China). Publisher: Shantou University Press; 1st Edition edition (September 15, 2004), ISBN 0-9773334-0-X