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Shrikarsan (obrolan | kontribusi)
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Ilhambot (obrolan | kontribusi)
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*Is there a difference between morally right and wrong actions (or values, or institutions)? If so, what is that difference? Which actions are right, and which wrong? Are values absolute, or relative? In general or particular terms, how should I live?
*What is reality, and what things can be described as real? What is the nature of those things? Do some things exist independently of our perception? What is the nature of space and time? What is the nature of thought and thinking? What is it to be a person?
*What is it to be beautiful? How do beautiful things differ from the everyday? What is [[Art]]?
 
In Ancient [[Greek philosophy]], these five broad types of questions were respectively called analytical or [[logic|logical]], [[epistemology|epistemological]], [[ethics|ethical]], [[metaphysics|metaphysical]], and [[aesthetics|aesthetic]]. They are not the only ones, and [[Aristotle]], who was the first to use this classification, also considered [[politics]], modern day [[physics]], [[geology]], [[biology]], [[meteorology]], and [[astronomy]] some of the other branches of philosophical investigation. The Greeks, through the influence of [[Socrates]] and [[Socratic method|his method]], developed a tradition of [[Analysis (philosophy)|analysis]], dividing a subject into its components to understand it better.
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Philosophers typically frame problems in a logical manner, historically using [[syllogism]]s of [[traditional logic]], since [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]] and [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]] increasingly using [[formal system]]s, such as [[predicate calculus]], and then work towards a solution based on critical reading and reasoning. Like Socrates, they search for answers through discussion, or by responding to the arguments of others, or through careful personal contemplation. Philosophers debate the relative merits of these methods, asking whether or not, for example, philosophical "solutions" are objective, definitive, and say something informative about reality; or rather whether these solutions just give more clarity or insight on the logic of our language, or even act as personal therapy. Philosophers seek justification for the answers to their questions.
 
Language is the philosopher’s primary tool. In the [[Analytic philosophy|Analytic tradition]], debates about philosophical method have been closely connected to debates about the relationship between philosophy and language. There is a similar concern in [[Continental philosophy]]. [[Meta-philosophy]], the "philosophy of philosophy", studies the nature of philosophical problems, philosophical solutions, and the proper method for getting from one to another (cf. [[Pataphysics]]). These debates are also connected to debates over language and interpretation.
 
These debates are not ''less'' relevant to philosophy as a whole, since the nature and role of philosophy itself has always been an essential part of philosophical deliberations. On the contrary, the existence of fields like Pataphysics indicates a lengthy debate beyond the scope of this article. Such questions are discussed at greater length [[Meta-philosophy|elsewhere]].
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The divisions between all of these traditions are arbitrary. The differences between traditions are often based on their favored historical philosophers, favored emphases on ideas, and styles or languages of writing. The subject matter and dialogues of each can be studied using methods derived from the others, and there have been significant commonalities and exchanges between them.
 
Other philosophical traditions, such as in Africa, are rarely considered in foreign academia. On account of the widespread emphasis on Western philosophy as a reference point, the study, preservation and dissemination of valuable but not widely known non-Western philosophical works faces many obstacles.
 
Languages can also be a barrier or a vehicle to ideas. The question of what and whether specific languages can be considered essential to philosophizing is a theme in the works of many recent philosophers.
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==Applied philosophy==
 
Though often seen as a wholly abstract field, philosophy is not without practical applications. The most obvious applications are those in [[ethics]] -- [[applied ethics]] in particular -- and in [[political philosophy]]. The political philosophies of [[Confucius]], [[Kautilya]], [[Sun Tzu]], [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Karl Marx]], [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[John Rawls]] have shaped and been used to justify governments and their actions.
 
[[Philosophy of education]] deserves special mention, as well; progressive education as championed by [[John Dewey]] has had a profound impact on educational practices in the [[United States]] in the twentieth century. It could be argued that some [[New Age]] philosophies, such as the "[[Celestine Prophecy]]", inadvertently educate people about human psychology and power relationships through the use of spiritual metaphor.
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Other important applications can be found in [[epistemology]], which might help one to regulate one's notions of what knowledge, evidence, and justified belief are. Two useful ways that epistemology and [[logic]] can inform the real world are through the fields of [[journalism]] and police investigation. [[Informal logic]] has fantastic applications, helping citizens to be critical in reading [[rhetoric]] and in everyday discussion. [[Philosophy of science]] discusses the underpinnings of the [[scientific method]]. [[Aesthetics]] can help to interpret discussions of [[art]]. Even [[ontology]], surely the most abstract and least practical-seeming branch of philosophy, has had important consequences for logic and [[computer science]].
 
In general, the various "philosophies of," such as [[philosophy of law]], can provide workers in their respective fields with a deeper understanding of the theoretical or conceptual underpinnings of their fields.
 
Often, philosophy is seen as an investigation into an area not understood well enough to be its own branch of knowledge. What were
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* ''World Philosophies'' karya Ninian Smart
* ''Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction'' karya Sue Hamilton
* ''A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy'' karya Oliver LeamanLéaman
* ''Eastern Philosophy For Beginners'' karya Jim Powell & Joe Lee
* ''An Introduction to African Philosophy'' karya Samuel Oluoch Imbo
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* ''Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century (Vol. 3)'' karya Louis P. Pojman
* ''The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill'' karya Edwin Arthur Burtt
* ''European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche'' karya Monroe BeardsleyBéardsley
* ''Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings'' karya James Baillie
* ''Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition)'' karya Charles Guignon & Derk Pereboom
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* ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'' karya Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam
* ''A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English'' karya John A. Grimes
* ''History of Islamic Philosophy'' diédit ku Seyyed Hossein Nasr & Oliver LeamanLéaman
* ''History of Jewish Philosophy'' diédit ku Daniel H. Frank & Oliver LeamanLéaman
* ''A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries'' karya Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
* Ayer, A. J. ''et al''. Éd. 1994. ''A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations''. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
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=== Forum ===
* [http://www.philosophyforums.com Philosophy Forums] -- a—a place to discuss Philosophy with a discursive library on Philosophical topics.
* [http://www.talkphilosophy.org Talk Philosophy] -- A—A place to discuss topics in all areasaréas of philosophy from ethics to aesthetics.
* [http://www.galilean-library.org The Galilean Library] -- a—a place to discuss philosophy from basic to advanced levels, with a library of introductory essays for beginners.
* [http://www.philiwiki.com PhiliWiki] -- the—the Internet's first online Wiki for the development of multiple points of view on a range of philosophical topics.
 
=== Organisasi, Ramatloka jeung Asosiasi ===
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* [http://philosopher.org The Society for Philosophic Inquiry (Socrates Cafe)]
* [http://www.trianglephilosophy.com Triangle Philosophy]
 
 
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