Kalénder Étiopia: Béda antarrépisi

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{{calendars}}'''Kalénder Étiopia''' ([[Basa Amharik]]: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር ''{{Unicode|ye'Ītyōṗṗyā zemen āḳoṭaṭer}}''), disebut ogé '''kalénder Ge'ez''', nyaéta kalénder utama nu dipaké di [[Étiopia]] sarta mangrupakeunmangrupa taun [[kabaktian]] urang Kristen di Éritréa nu dipaké ku [[Garéja Tewahdo Ortodoks Éritréa]], [[Garéja Katolik Wétan]] di Éritréa jeung [[Lutheran]] (Garéja Evangelis di EritreaEritréa), nu ilaharna disebut '''kalénder Ge'ez.''' Kalénder ieu dumasar kana kalénder Aléksandria atawa [[kalénder Koptik|Koptik]], nu dumasar ogé kana [[kalénder Mesir]] nu leuwih heubeul, tapi kawas [[kalénder Julian]], nambahan poé luncat unggal opat taun tanpa kajaba, sarta ngamimitian taun dina [[29 Agustus]] atawa [[30 Agustus]] dina kalénder Julian. Bédana tujuh tepi ka dalapan taun antara kalénder Etiopia jeung [[kalénder Grégorian|Grégori]] disababkeun ku ayana kalkulasi nu béda dina nangtukeun tanggal ''[[Annunciation]]'' [[Yésus]].
 
Kawas kalénder Koptik, kalénder Éthiopia/Ge'ez boga dua welas bulan nu masing-masingna 30 poé ditambah lima atawa genep poé [[epagomenal]] (biasana disebut bulan katilu welas). Lanjutna, bulan-bulanna mimitian dina poé nu sami jeung kalénder Koptik, tapi boga ngaran nu béda, ngagunakeun [[basa Ge'ez]]. Poé kagenep ''epagomenal'' ditambahkeun saban opat taon tampa kajaba dina 29 Agustus di kalénder Julian.
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== Poe Pabaru ==
[[Enkutatash]] is the word for the Ethiopian [[New Year|new year]] in the official language of Ethiopia: [[Amharic]], while it is called '''Ri'se Awde Amet''' (HeadHéad Anniversary) in [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]], the term preferred by the [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. It occurs on September 11 in the [[Gregorian calendar]], except for leapléap yearsyéars when it occurs on September 12. The Ethiopian calendar yearyéar 1998 ''{{Unicode|ˈ}}Amätä Məhrät'' ("Year of Mercy") began on [[11 September]], [[2005]]. However, the Ethiopian yearsyéars 1996 and 1992 ''AM'' began on [[12 September]] 2003 and 1999, respectively.
 
The new yearsyéars begin on September 11 or 12 as described above from Gregorian [[1900]] to 2099, but differently in other Gregorian centuries, because every fourth Ethiopian/Ge'ez yearyéar is a leapléap yearyéar without exception.
 
== Era ==
 
To indicate the yearyéar, Ethiopians and followers of the EritreanEritréan churches today use the ''Incarnation Era'', which dates from the [[Annunciation]] or [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]] of [[Jesus]] on [[25 March]], [[9]] (Julian), as calculated by [[Annianus of Alexandria]] ''c.'' 400; thus its first civil yearyéar began seven months earlieréarlier on [[29 August]], [[8]] (Julian). MeanwhileMéanwhile, EuropeansEuropéans eventually adopted the calculations made by [[Dionysius Exiguus]] in AD 525 insteadinstéad, which placed the Annunciation exactly eight yearsyéars earlieréarlier than had Annianus. This causes the Ethiopian yearyéar number to be eight yearsyéars less than the Gregorian yearyéar number from January 1 until September 10 or 11, then seven yearsyéars less for the remainder of the Gregorian yearyéar.
 
In the past, a number of other [[era]]s for numbering yearsyéars were also widely used in Ethiopia and the Axumite Kingdom:
 
=== Era Martyrs ===
The most important era – once widely used by the [[Eastern Church]]es, and still used by the [[Garéja Koptik]] - was the [[Era of Martyrs]], also known as the [[Diocletian]] Era, whose first yearyéar began on [[29 Agustus]] [[284]].
 
Respectively to the western and Julian New YearYéar's Days about three months later, the difference between the Era of Martyrs and the [[Anno Domini|Anni Domini]] is 285 (= 15x19) yearsyéars. This is because in AD [[525]], [[Dionysius Exiguus]] decided to add 15 [[Metonic cycle]]s to the existing 13 Metonic cycles of the [[Diocletian]] Era (15x19 + 13x19 = 532) to obtain an entire 532-yearyéar medieval [[Easter]] cycle, whose first cycle ended with the yearyéar Era of Martyrs 247 (= 13x19) equal to yearyéar DXXXI. It is also because 532 is the product of the Metonic cycle of 19 yearsyéars and the [[Solar cycle]] of 28 yearsyéars.
 
=== Anno Mundi dumasar Panodoros ===
Around AD 400, an Alexandrine monk called Panodoros fixed the Alexandrian Era ([[Anno Mundi]] = in the yearyéar of the world), the [[dating Creation|date of creation]], on 29 August [[6th millennium BC|5493 BC]]. After the 6th century AD, the era was used by Egyptian and Ethiopian chronologists. The twelfth 532-yearyéar-cycle of this era began on 29 August 360 AD, and so 4x19 yearsyéars after the Era of Martyrs.
 
=== Anno Mundi dumasar Anianos ===
Bishop [[Annianus of Alexandria|Anianos]] preferred the Annunciation style as New YearYéar's Day, the 25 March ''(see above)''. Thus he shifted the Panodoros era by about six months, to begin on 25 March 5492 BC.
 
== Leap year cycle ==
The four yearyéar leapléap-yearyéar cycle is associated with the four Evangelists: the first yearyéar after an Ethiopian leapléap yearyéar is named in honour of [[John the Evangelist|John]], followed by the [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]]-yearyéar and then the [[Mark the Evangelist|Mark]]-yearyéar. The yearyéar with the sixth epagomenal day is traditionally designated as the [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]]-yearyéar.
 
There are no exceptions to the four yearyéar leapléap-yearyéar cycle, unlike the [[Gregorian calendar]].
 
== Bulan ==
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] (with Tigrinya suffixes in parenthesis) !! [[Coptic language|Coptic]] !! Gregorian start date !! Start date in yearyéar after<br> sixth epagomenal day
|-
|Mäskäräm (መስከረም) || Tut || 11 September || 12 September
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|Ṗagʷəmen/Ṗagumen (ጳጐሜን/ጳጉሜን)|| Nasi || 6 September || 6 September
|}
Perlu dicatet yenyén tanggal ieu valid ti Maret 1900 tepi ka Pebruari 2100.
 
== Sumber ==
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== Tumbu luar ==
*Warning: In the following two links, dates in the "Ethiopian calendar" have been converted into a pseudo-Julian calendar by replacing the true Amharic Ethiopian month names by close, but not coincident, Julian names. For example, Mäskäräm is called "September" even though Mäskäräm actually begins on August 29/30 Julian (and September 11th Gregorian, the most common calendar). When they state that the Ethopian yearyéar begins on "September 1", they meanméan it begins on Mäskäräm 1. Similarly, when they state that Christmas occurs on "December 29" in the Ethiopian calendar, they meanméan it occurs on Tahsas 29.
** [http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com/pages/calendar.htm Ethiopian Calendar - Christian, Islamic, Jewish & Public Holidays]
** [http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com/pages/festival.htm Ethiopian Religious Festivals]
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* [http://www.ethiofact.com/ethiocal.html Ethiopian Online Calendar]
 
[[CategoryKategori:Budaya Étiopia]]
[[CategoryKategori:Kalénder husus]]