Romania: Béda antarrépisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Uchup19 (obrolan | kontribusi) mTidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
m Ngarapihkeun éjahan, replaced: nya éta → nyaéta (23), ea → éa (5) |
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Baris ka-82:
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'''Romania''' (ogé diéja '''Rumania''' atawa '''Roumania'''; {{lang-ro|România}})
Sajarah nyatetan yén [[bangsa Dacia]], [[Kakaisaran Romawi]], [[Kakaisaran Bulgaria]], [[Karajaan Hungaria]], jeung [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]] pernah ngawasaan wewengkon ieu. Salaku hiji nagara, Romania diwangun dina taun 1859 ti panghijian wewengkon [[Moldavia]] jeung [[Wallachia]], nu miboga pangakuan internasional dina taun 1878. Dina taun 1918, [[Transilvania]], [[Bukovina]], jeung [[Bessarabia]] ngadéklarasikeun ngagabung sareng Romania. Dina ahir [[Perang Dunya II]], [[Uni Soviét]] ngawasaan sabagian daérahna (kira-kira ngawengku sakabéh daérah [[Moldova]] ayeuna) jeung Romania minangka anggota [[Pakta Warsawa]]. Kalawan labuhna [[Tirai Beusi]] dina taun [[Révolusi Romania 1989|1989]], Romania ngamimitian réformasi politik jeung ékonomi. Dina ngalawan masalah ékonomi pasca-révolusi, nagara ieu maké pajak handap dina taun 2005 jeung ngagabung ka [[Uni Éropa]] dina 1 Januari 2007. Sanajan tingkat pamasukan Romania kaasup salah sahiji nu panghandapna di Uni Éropa, réformasi geus ningkatkeun kamekaran ékonomina. Romania kiwari kaasup nagara nu miboga pamasukan nengah ka luhur.
Romania mangrupa nagara kalawan téritori nu pangluasna ka-9 jeung jumlah padumuk nu panggedéna ka-7 di Uni Éropa.<ref name=population>{{Citeweb|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|title=Romanian Statistical Yearbook|year=2007|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/en/cp2.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> Ibu kota jeung kota nu panggedéna
== Sajarah ==
Baris ka-99:
=== Abad patengahan ===
[[Image:Bran Castle.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Istana Bran]] diwangun dina taun 1212, jeung leuwih katelah minangka ''Istana Drakula'']]
Sanggeus Romawi ninggalkeun Dacia, wewengkon éta, sacara tumurut, ditarajang ku séké [[Goth]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Jordanes|authorlink=Jordanes|title = Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum|year =551 A.D.|location =Constantinople|url=http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/Goths/Goths1.htm|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> teras ku séké [[Hun]] dina abad ka-4,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iliescu| first=Vl.|last2=Paschale| first2=Chronicon| title=Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae|volume=II|pages=363, 587|place=Bucureşti|year=1970}}</ref> jeung dipipilu ku séké-séké nomaden nu séjén kawas séké [[Gepid]],<ref name=gepids/><ref>{{Cite web|first=István|last=Bóna|editor-last=Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla|title=History of Transylvania: II.3. The Kingdom of the Gepids|volume=1|publisher=Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences| distributor=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|year=2001|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/33.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> [[Avar]],<ref>{{Cite web| first=István | last=Bóna| editor-last = Köpeczi| editor-first = Béla | title = History of Transylvania: II.4. The Period of the Avar Rule| volume = 1| publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences| distributor = Columbia University Press| location = New York| year = 2001| url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> [[Bulgar]],<ref name=gepids>{{cite book|last=Teodor|first=Dan Gh.|title=Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea|year =1995|location =Bucureşti|pages=294–325 |volume=2}}</ref> [[Pecheneg]],<ref>{{cite book| last =Constantine VII| first =Porphyrogenitus| authorlink =Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus| title =Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio|date=| location =Constantinople| url =http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/constp.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> jeung [[Cuman]].<ref>{{Cite book|last =Xenopol|first =Alexandru D.|title =Histoire des Roumains|place=Paris|year =1896|volume =i|pages=168}}</ref>
Bangsa Romania salajengna kabagi dina tilu wewengkon kapangéranan nu béda: [[Wallachia]] ({{lang-ro|Ţara Românească}}), [[Moldavia]] ({{lang-ro|Moldova}}), jeung [[Transilvania]]. Transilvania jadi bagian ti [[Karajaan Hongaria]] dina abad ka-11,<ref>{{Cite web|first=László|last=Makkai|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla |title = History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526)|volume = 1|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences|distributor = Columbia University Press|location = New York|year = 2001|url = http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> jeung miboga kamerdékaanna salaku [[Kapangéranan Transilvania]] ti abad ka-16<ref>{{Cite web|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla|title = History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606) |volume = 1|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences|distributor = Columbia University Press|location = New York|year = 2001|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/97.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> nepi ka taun 1711.<ref>{{citebook|first=Ágnes R.|last=Várkonyi|editor-last = Köpeczi|editor-first = Béla |title = History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711)|volume = 2|publisher = Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences|distributor = Columbia University Press|place = New York|year = 2001|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/221.html|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Kapangéranan Romania lianna ngalawan ancaman [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]] dina abad ka-14.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Ştefănescu|first =Ştefan |title =Istoria medie a României|year =1991|location =Bucharest|volume =I|pages=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last =Predescu|first =Lucian |title =Enciclopedia Cugetarea|year =1940}}</ref>
Baris ka-106:
Dina taun 1541, sakabéh [[samenanjung Balkan]] jeung méh sakabéh [[Hongaria]] jadi bagian ti Kasultanan Utsmaniyah. Sabalikna, Moldavia, Wallachia, jeung Transilvania jadi bagian ti ''[[suzerainty]]'' Utsmaniyah, kalawan hak otonomi internal.
Kapangéranan Wallachia, Moldavia, jeung Transilvania dipingpin ku pangéran Wallachia, [[Mihai Viteazul]], dina taun 1600. Mihai
Sanggeus pupusna, salaku nagara ''vassal'', Moldavia jeung Wallachia geus miboga otonomi internal pinuh, nu ahirna leungit dina abad ka-18. Dina taun 1699, Transilvania jadi daérah kakaisaran Austria sanggeus meunangna Austria ti Turki dina [[Perang Turki Raya]]. Austria ngalaksanakeun paluasan kakawasaan lianna ka wewengkon Wallachia jeung Moldavia, jeung [[Kakaisaran Rusia]] ngawasaan [[Bessarabia]] taun 1812.
Baris ka-112:
=== Kamerdékaan jeung Monarki ===
[[Image:Romanians before WW1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Wewengkon nu dicicingan bangsa Romania saméméh Perang Dunya I]]
Dina période kakawasaan [[Austria-Hongaria]] di Transilvania, jeung ''suzerainty'' Utsmaniyah di Wallachia jeung Moldavia, status bangsa Romania
Sanggeus gagalna [[Révolusi 1848]], nagara-nagara gedé teu ngadukung usaha unifikasi Romania, jadina aranjeunna kapaksa joang sorangan ngalawan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah. Éléktor di Moldavia jeung Wallachia milih [[Alexander John Cuza|Alexandru Ioan Cuza]] minangka pangéran (''[[Domnitor]]'' dina [[basa Romania]]) dina taun 1859.<ref>{{Cite book|last =Bobango|first =Gerald J|title =The emergence of the Romanian national State|publisher =Boulder|year =1979|location =New York|isbn = 9780914710516}}</ref> Pamilihan Alexandru Ioan Cuza minangka ''domnitor'' hasil ngahijikeun Wallachia jeung Moldavia minangka Romania, tapi Transilvania masih encan kénéh kaasup kana wewengkon Romania. Di Transilvania, bangsa Hungaria aya di kelas luhur, jadina bangsa Romania ngamimitian palawanan ka Hongaria.
Baris ka-132:
=== Komunisme ===
Dina taun 1947, kaum komunis maksa Raja Mihai I lungsur jeung angkat ninggalkeun nagara. Romania diproklamasikeun minangka [[républik rahayat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|publisher=CIA - The World Factbook|title=Romania|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html|title=Romania - Country Background and Profile|publisher=ed-u.com|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Romania tetep aya dina [[Panjajahan Soviét di Romania|panjajahan militér]] jeung [[SovRoms|kontrol ékonomi]] Uni Soviét nepi ka ahir taun 1950-an. Dina période ieu, sumber daya Romania diserep<ref>{{Cite web|first=Carmen|last=Rîjnoveanu|title=Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict|year=2003|pages=1|publisher=Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt|url= http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> ku pausahaan Soviét-Romania ([[SovRoms]]).<ref>{{Citebook|last=Roper|first=Stephen D.|title=Romania: The Unfinished Revolution|place=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=9058230279|pages=18}}</ref><ref>{{Citebook|last=Cioroianu|first=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Cioroianu|title="On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"|language=Romanian|publisher=Editura Curtea Veche|year =2005|location=Bucharest|pages=68–73|isbn=9736691756}}</ref>
[[Image:Ceausescu, Nicolae.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nicolae Ceauşescu]]]]
Pamaréntahan komunis ngawangun rézim nu utamana dilaksanakeun liwat [[Securitate]] (pulisi rasiah anyar). Aranjeunna ngalaksanakeun kampanye pikeun maraéhan "musuh nagara", jadina aya rajapati atawa ditangkepna individu-individu ku alesan politik jeung ékonomi.<ref>{{Citebook|last =Caraza|first =Grigore|title =Aiud însângerat|publisher =Editura Vremea XXI|year=2004|volume=Chapter IV|isbn=9736450503|language=Romanian}}</ref> Hukuman ngawengku déportasi, pangasingan internal, gawé paksa, atawa dipanjarakeun. Catetan sajarah nyatet rupa-rupa kasus panyiksaan jeung rajapati, boh ka musuh politik atawa rahayat biasa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cicerone Ioniţoiu|title=Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestaţi, torturaţi, întemniţaţi, ucişi. Dicţionar|publisher=Editura Maşina de scris|location=Bucharest|year=2000 |isbn= 973-99994-2-5|language=Romanian}}</ref>
Dina taun 1965, [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] mimita ngawasa jeung ngalaksanakeun kawijakan indepénden, kawas jadi sahiji-hijina nagara [[Pakta Warsawa]] nu teu satuju kana invasi Soviét ka [[Cékoslowakia]] taun 1968, neruskeun hubungan ka [[Israél]] sanggeus [[Perang Genep Poé]] tahn 1967, sarta muka hubungan diplomatik jeung ékonomi sareng [[Jérman Kulon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/75.htm|publisher=countrystudies.us|title=Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe|publisher=Country Studies.us|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Romania ogé miboga hubungan nu deukeut kalawan nagara-nagara [[Dunya Arab|Arab]], nyieun Romania maénkeun laku penting dina prosés parapihan [[Israél]]–[[Mesir]] jeung Israél–[[Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina|Paléstina]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/80.htm |publisher=countrystudies.us| title=Middle East policies in Communist Romania|publisher=Country Studies.us|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
Ku sabab hutang luar nagri Romania naék drastis antara taun 1977 nepi ka 1981 (ti 3 nepi ka 10 miliar dollar AS),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deletant|first =Dennis|title=New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989|publisher=Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=16367&group_id=13349|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> pangaruh organisasi monetér internasional kawas [[IMF]] jeung [[Bank Dunya]] ningkat, nu teu cocog jeung kawijakan [[autarki]] Nicolae
=== Romania kiwari ===
Sanggeus [[Perang Tiis]] ahir, Romania mekarkeun hubungan nu leuwih deukeut sareng [[Eropa Kulon]]. Romania ngagabung ka [[NATO]] dina taun 2004, jeung jadi tuan bumi [[patepungan Puncak Bukares 2008|patepungan puncak NATO di Bukares taun 2008]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members|url =http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm|publisher=NATO|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Romania ogé gabung ka [[Uni Éropa]] dina 1 Januari 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
Sabab kahéséan hirup sanggeus déprési ékonomi taun 1990-an, muncul [[diaspora Romania|diaspora]] gedé Romania. Tujuan émigrasi utama
== Politik jeung pamaréntahan ==
Baris ka-151:
Cabang [[législatif]] pamaréntahan Romania, nu kawanoh minangka [[Parlemén Romania|Parlemén]] (''Parlamentul României''), diwangun ti dua majelis, ''Senat'' ([[Sénat]]), nu miboga 137 anggota (dina 2005), jeung ''[[Camera Deputaţilor]]'' (majelis handap), nu miboga 332 anggota (dina 2004). Anggota ti dua majelis ieu dipilih saban opat taun.
Institusi nu pangluhurna dina sistem hukum Romania
== Hubungan luar nagri ==
Baris ka-165:
Angkatan Pakarang Romania diwangun ti angkatan darat, laut, jeung udara, jeung dipingpin ku [[panglima pangluhurna]]. Présidén Romania mangrupa panglima nu pangluhurna ti angkatan pakarang dina masa perang. Romania miboga 90.000 tentara.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania|url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|title=Press conference|date=2003-01-21|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref>
Romania miboga anggaran patahanan 2.05% ti [[Produk Doméstik Bruto|PDB]],
== Babagian administratif ==
Baris ka-220:
== Géografi ==
[[Gambar:Physical map of Romania.jpg|thumb|250px|Peta topografi Romania]]
Kalawan téritori saluas {{convert|238391|km2|sqmi|}}, Romania mangrupa nagara nu pangluasna di [[Eropa Tenggara]] jeung nu panggedéna ka-12 di Éropa.<ref name="statistical">{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=Geography, Meteorology and Environment|date=2004|publisher=Romanian Statistical Yearbook|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> Kalobaannana ti wates Romania jeung Serbia sarta [[Bulgaria]] diwangun ti [[Walungan Donau]]. Walungan Donau ngalir ka [[Laut Hideung]] liwat wewengkon Romania, ngawangun [[Délta Donau]], délta nu panggedéna kadua di Éropa, nu jadi [[Situs Warisan Dunya UNESCO]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588|title=Danube Delta|publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Center|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> Walungan penting lian
Topografi Romania dibagi antara pagunungan, papasiran, jeung dataran handap. [[Pagunungan Carpathia]] ngadominasi puseur Romania, kalawan 14 puncakna nu nepi ka kaluhuran leuwih ti 2.000 méter.<ref name="statistical"/> Gunung nu pangluhurna di Romania
=== Ékosistem ===
Baris ka-228:
47% wewengkon Romania diwangun ti ékosistem natural jeung semi-natural.<ref name=biodiversity>{{citeweb|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Ku sabab méh saparo leuweung di Romania (13% téritori) geus diatur pikeun konsérvasi [[Daérah Aliran Walungan]] tinimbang produksi, Romania miboga salah sahiji wewengkon leuweung nu panggedéna di Éropa.<ref name=biodiversity/>
Aya kira-kira {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wewengkon nu dilindung di Romania.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> [[Délta Donau|Cagar Biosfer Donau]] mangrupa komplék lahan baseuh nu panggedéna jeung paling saeutik diruksak di Éropa, ngawengku wewengkon saluas {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm|title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Pentingna biodivérsitas di Délta Donau geus diakuan di dunya, jadina didéklarasikeun minangka [[Situs Warisan Dunya UNESCO]] dina Désémber 1991.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588|title=Danube Delta|publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Center|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Aya dua cagar biosfer lian di Romania,
=== Flora jeung fauna ===
[[Image:Pelicani din Delta Dunarii.PNG|250px|left|thumb|[[Pelikan]] di Délta Donau]]
Di Romania aya 3.700 spésiés tutuwuhan. 23 geus disebutkeun minangka monumén alam, 74 spésiés hilang, 39 spésiés kaancam, 171 spésiés pikacilakaeun, jeung 1.253 spésiés dianggap langka.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm|title=Flora si fauna salbatica|publisher=enrin.grida.no|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref> Tilu zona végetasi utama di Romania
Fauna di Romania diwangun ti 33.792 spésiés, 33.085 spésiés mangrupa [[invértébrata]] jeung 707 spésiés mangrupa [[vértébrata]].<ref name="flora"/> Spésiés vértébrata diwangun ti 191 spésiés lauk, 20 spésiés ampibi, 30 spésiés réptil, 364 spésiés manuk, jeung 102 spésiés mamalia.<ref name="flora"/> Fauna nyebar dumasar kana rupa végétasi di mana maranéhna aya.
=== Iklim ===
Romania miboga iklim transisional antara [[iklim sedeng]] jeung [[iklim kontinéntal|kontinéntal]]. Rarata suhu di Romania
Di Romania aya opat usum,
Rarata curah hujan di pagunungan kulon Romania
== Démografi ==
[[Image:Romania harta etnica 2011.PNG|350px|thumb|Peta pasebaran étnis di Romania dina taun 2011]]
Dumasar kana sénsus taun 2002, Romania miboga populasi 21.698.181 jeung kira-kira bakal ngirang. 89.5% padumuk Romania mangrupa [[bangsa Romania]]. Étnis minoritas nu panggedéna
Basa resmi Romania
Romania mangrupa [[nagara sékulér]], jadina teu boga agama nasional. Agama nu loba diagem
== Atikan ==
Baris ka-260:
== Ékonomi ==
[[Image:MittalSteelGalati200607.jpg|thumb|250px|Pabrik baja [[ArcelorMittal]] di [[Galaţi]]]]
Kalawan [[Produk Doméstik Bruto|PDB]] $264 miliar jeung [[PDB per kapita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) $12.285<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=87&pr1.y=12 |title=IMF World Economic Outlook April 2008 - Central and Eastern Europe|month=April | year=2008|publisher=IMF|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> dina taun 2008, Romania mangrupa nagara kalawan pamasukan nengah ka luhur<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#Upper_middle_income|publisher=World Bank|title=Country Classification Groups|year=2005|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> jeung geus jadi bagian ti Uni Éropa ti 1 Januari 2007.
Sanggeus rézim komunis labuh dina taun 1989, nagara ieu ngalaman dékade panurunan jeung kateustabilan ékonomi, disababkeun ku labuhna basis industri jeung kirangnya réformasi struktural, tapi ti taun 2000, ékonomi Romania robah kana ékonomi kalawan kastabilan [[ékonomi makro]], jeung ciri kamekaran ékonomi luhur, tingkat pangangguran handap jeung ngirangna [[inflasi]]. Dina taun 2006, Romania nyitak kamekaran ékonomi 7.7%, salah sahiji nu panggedéna di Éropa.<ref>{{citeweb|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|format=PDF|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Kamekaran ékonomi turun ka 6.1% dina taun 2007,<ref>{{citeweb|language=Romanian|title=World Bank: In 2008 Romania will have an economic growth of 5.9%|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a115093/banca-mondiala-in-2008-romania-va-avea-o-crestere-economica-de-5-9.html|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> tapi nepi ka 8.9% dina salapan bulan awal taun 2008. Kamekaran ékonomi labuh ka 2.9% dina triwulan ka-4 jeung kamekaran ékonomi Romania dina taun 2008 jadi 7.1%. Hal ieu disababkeun ku ayana [[krisis finansial global 2008-2009|krisis finansial global]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curierulnational.ro/Economie/2009-03-05/Cresterea+economica+din+2008+a+franat+brusc+in+T+4|title=Creşterea economică din 2008 a frânat brusc în T 4|work=Curierul National|language=Romanian|accessdate=2009-09-07}}</ref>
Romania miboga tingkat pangangguran 3.9% dina Séptémber 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/lunar_indicatori/a07/sic09r07.pdf|format=PDF|title=Main Macroeconomic Indicators, September 2007|publisher=National Institute of Statistics of Romania|language=Romanian|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> nu lumayan handap lamjun dibandingkeun jeung nagara Éropa lianna, kawas [[Polandia]], Perancis, Jérman, jeung Spanyol. Utang luar nagri Romania ogé lumayan handap, kalawan jumlah 20.3% ti PDB.<ref name="CIA">{{citeweb|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|title=Romania|publisher=CIA World Factbook|year=2006|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Tingkat ékspor Romania ogé terus ningkat dina sababaraha taun ieu, kalawan komoditas nu diékspor
Sanggeus privatisasi jeung réformasi dina ahir taun 1990-an jeung awal 2000-an, intervénsi pamaréntah dina ékonomi Romania leuwih handap dibandingkeun nagara-nagara Éropa lianna.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania|title=Index of Economic Freedom: Romania|publisher=heritage.org|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, pamaréntah ngagentos [[sistem pajak progrésif]] Romania jadi [[sistem pajak tetep]] 16%, jadina Romania miboga tanggung jawab fiskal nu panghandapna di Uni Éropa,<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|format=pdf|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=2007-06-26|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref> faktor nu ngabantu tumuwuhna séktor swasta. Ékonomi Romania leuwih ngagantung dina jasa (55% ti PDB), sanajan industri (35% ti PDB) jeung agrikultur (15% ti PDB) ogé boga pangaruh. Salian ti étu, 32% padumuk Romania gawé dina séktor agrikultur jeung produksi.<ref name="CIA" />
Ti taun 2000, Romania geus narik perhatosan invéstor ti luar nagri jeung jadi tujuan invéstasi nu panggedéna di Éropa Tengah jeung Tenggara. Dina taun 2006, jumlah total arus asup ''[[foreign direct investment]]'' di Romania
== Transportasi ==
Baris ka-281:
=== Seni jeung sastra ===
Sastra Romania mimiti évolusi sanggeus [[révolusi Wallachia 1848]]. Murid Romania mimiti neuleuman di Perancis, Italia, jeung Jérman. Filsafat Jérman jeung budaya Perancis kaintegrasi kana sastra Romania modérn jeung muncul inohong kawas [[Mihai Eminescu]], [[George Coşbuc]], jeung [[Ioan Slavici]]. Sanajan aranjeunna kirang kasohor di luar Romania, aranjeunna diapresiasikeun pisan di Romania sahah nyieun sastra Romania. Di antara aranjeunna, Eminescu dianggap salaku panyair Romania nu pangpentingna, jeung karyana masih dipikaresep, utamana puisi ''[[Luceafărul]]''.<ref>{{citeweb|language=Romanian|url=http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_eminescu.html|title=Mihai Eminescu|publisher=National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania|accessdate=2008-01-20}}</ref> Panulis lian nu méré kontribusi dina abad ka-19
Awal abad ka-20 dianggap minangka jaman kajayaan budaya Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/romanian/articles/TheRomanianCulturalDebateOfTheSummer.html|title= Romanian Cultural Debate of the Summer: Romanian Intellectuals and Their Status Groups|publisher=Romanian Club @ Columbia University|author=Mona Momescu|accessdate=2008-08-28}}</ref> Inohong penting nu geus mangaruhan budaya dunya
Sanggeus perang dunya réngsé, komunisme mawa panyénsoran gedé. Kabébasan nepikeun pamikiran dilarang, tapi inohong kawas [[Gellu Naum]], [[Nichita Stănescu]], jeung [[Marin Sorescu]] hasil lolos ti panyénsoran, jeung mangrupa pamingpin "Renaissance" leutik pikeun sastra Romania.<ref>{{citebook|last=Ştefănescu|first=Alex.|title=Nichita Stănescu, The Angel With A Book In His Hands|language=Romanian|publisher=Maşina de scris|year=1999|pages=8|isbn=9789739929745}}</ref> Samentawis teu loba karya nu hasil lolos ka dunya internasional lantaran panyénsoran, karya figur kawas [[Constantin Noica]], [[Paul Goma]], jeung [[Mircea Cărtărescu]] dipublikasikeun di luar nagri sanajan aranjeunna dipanjarakeun lantaran rupa-rupa alesan politik. Sababaraha senima milih ninggalkeun nagara jeung nyumbang karyana dina pangasingan, kawas [[Eugen Ionescu]], [[Mircea Eliade]], jeung [[Emil Cioran]].
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