Klasifikasi ilmiah: Béda antarrépisi

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== Remembering the order ==

 

== Modern developments ==

 

 

A new formal code of nomenclature, the [[PhyloCode]], is currently under development, intended to deal with clades rather than taxa. It is unclear, should this be implemented, how the different codes will coexist.

Since late in the 16th century, a number of authors had become concerned with what they called ''methodus,'' or method. By method they meant an arrangement of minerals, plants, and animals according to the principles of logical division. The term ''methodists'' was coined by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] in his ''Bibliotheca Botanica'' to denote the authors who care about the principles of classification (in contrast to the mere ''collectors'' who are concerned primarily with the description of plants paying little or no attention to their arrangement into genera, etc). Important early methodists were an Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist [[Andrea Caesalpino]], an English naturalist [[John Ray]], a German physician and botanist [[Augustus Quirinus Rivinus]], and a French physician, botanist, and traveller [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]].

 

 

 

Both Caesalpino and Ray used traditional plant names and thus, the name of a plant did not reflect its taxonomic position (e.g. even though the [[apple]] and the [[peach]] belonged to different "higher genera" of John Ray's ''methodus'', both retained their traditional names ''Malus'' and ''Malus Persica'' respectively). A further step was taken by Rivinus and Pitton de Tournefort who made [[genus]] a distinct rank within taxonomic hierarchy and introduced the practice of naming the plants according to their genera.

 

=== Linnaeus ===

 

He abandoned long descriptive names of classes and orders and two-word generic names (e. g. ''Bursa pastoris'') still used by his immediate predecessors (Rivinus and Pitton de Tournefort) and replaced them with single-word names, provided genera with detailed diagnoses (''characteres naturales''), and reduced numerous varieties to their species, thus saving botany from the chaos of new forms produced by horticulturalists.

 

* Higher taxa and especially intermediate taxa are prone to revision as new information about relationships is discovered. For example, the traditional classification of primates (class Mammalia — subclass Theria — infraclass Eutheria — order Primates) is challenged by new classifications such as McKenna and Bell (class Mammalia — subclass Theriformes — infraclass Holotheria — order Primates). See [[mammal classification]] for a discussion. These differences arise because there are only a small number of ranks available and a large number of branching points in the fossil record.

* Within species further units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into [[subspecies]] (for example, ''Homo sapiens sapiens'', modern humans). Plants may be classified into subspecies (for example, ''Pisum sativum'' subsp. ''sativum'', the garden pea) or varieties (for example, ''Pisum sativum'' var. ''macrocarpon'', snow pea), with cultivated plants getting a [[cultivar]] name (for example, ''Pisum sativum'' var. ''macrocarpon'' 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may be classified by [[strain (biology)|strains]] (for example [[Escherichia coli O157:H7|''Escherichia coli'' O157:H7]], a strain that can cause [[food poisoning]]).

* Oft-quoted mnemonic phrases for the seven major ranks can be found at [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/English_mnemonics#Biology].

 

Notes:

* In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the name of a genus, sometimes called the [[type genus]] of that taxon, with a standard ending. For example, the rose family [[Rosaceae]] is named after the genus ''Rosa'', with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. Names above the rank of family are formed from a family name, or are descriptive (like [[Gymnospermae]] or [[Fungi]]).

* For animals, there are standard suffixes for taxa only up to the rank of superfamily (ICZN article 27.2).

* Forming a name based on a generic name may be not straightforward. For example, the [[Latin]] "''homo''" has the genitive "''hominis''", thus the genus "''Homo''" (human) is in the [[Hominidae]], not "Homidae".

 

 

* Atran, S. ''Cognitive foundations of natural history: towards an anthropology of science.'' Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1990. xii+360 p. ISBN [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521372933 0521372933]

* Larson, J. L. ''Reason and experience. The representation of Natural Order in the work of Carl von Linne.'' Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. 1971. VII+171 p.

 

==See also==

* Pikeun klasifikasi sasatoan sacara kladistik: [http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm Classification of living things]

* Pikeun jéntréna ngeunaan sajarah klasifikasi serangga, baca [http://www.insecta.bio.pu.ru/index.htm Nomina Circumscribentia Insectorum].

 

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