Farmakologi: Béda antarrépisi

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'''Farmakologi''' ([[basa Yunani Kuna|Yunani Kuna]] {{lang|grc|φάρμακον}}, ''pharmakon'', "ubar"; jeung {{lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''[[-logi|-logia]]a'') téh ulikan peta [[ubar]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vallance P, Smart TG |title=The future of pharmacology |journal=Brit. J. Pharmacol. |volume=147 Sup. 1 |issue= |pages=S304–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16402118 |pmc=1760753 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454 |url=}}</ref>, nyaéta ulikan ngeunaan interaksi nu lumangsung antara organisme hirup jeung bahan kimia éksogén nu nimpah fungsi biokimia normal. Ieu ulikan ngawengku kandungan jeung pasipatan, [[interaksi]], [[toksikologi]], terapi, jeung larapan médis sarta kamampuh antikuman ubar-ubaran. Farmakologi teu sarua jeung [[farmasi]], nu dipaké pikeun nyebut profési. Farmakologi ulukutek dina cara interaksi ubar jeung sistem [[biologi]]s ngarah mangaruhan fungsina, ulikan ngeunaan ubar, ngeunaan réaksi awak mun dibéré ubar, asal-usul ubarna, watekna, sarta pasipatanana.
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The origins of [[clinical pharmacology]] date back to the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Avicenna]]'s ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', [[Peter of Spain]]'s ''Commentary on Isaac'', and John of St Amand's ''Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas''.<ref>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), p. 447-450 [448-449].</ref> Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period.<ref name=rang2006> H P Rang. (2006) The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea. ''Br J Pharmacol.'' 147 Suppl: S9–S16.</ref> Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as [[morphine]], [[quinine]] and [[digitalis]] were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues.<ref name=AHM2002> Andreas-Holger M., Cay-Rüdiger P. and R. F. Halliwell (2002), The emergence of the drug receptor theory. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'' 1, 637-641 </ref> The first pharmacology department was set up by [[Rudolf Buchheim|Buchheim]] in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.<ref name=rang2006/>
 
Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts.<ref name=rang>{{cite book|last=Rang|first=H.P.|title=Pharmacology|year=2007|coauthors=M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|location=[[China]]|id=ISBN 0-443-06911-5}}</ref>
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*''farmakologi klinis'' - ngulik pangaruh ubar ka manusa,
*[[neurofarmakologi|''neuro-'']] jeung ''[[psikofarmakologi]]'' (pangaruh ubar kana paripolah jeung fungsi sistem saraf),
*''[[farmakogenetika]]'' (uji klinis variasi genetikgénétik nu ngabalukarkeun bédana réspon kana ubar),
*''[[farmakogénomika]]'' (larapan téhnologi génomik pikeun nyiar ubar anyar atawa karakterisasi ubar heubeul),
*''[[farmakoépidemiologi]]'' (studi pangaruh ubar ka sagolongan jalma loba),
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[[CategoryKategori:Farmakologi]]
[[CategoryKategori:Biokimia]]