Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Nambahkeun inpormasi anyar sareung rujukan anyar.
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Tag: Dikembalikan Édit visual
Baris ka-1:
 
[[image:computer.tower.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sarupaning [[Bungkus komputer|munara]] [[komputer pribadi]].]]
'''Komputer''' nyaéta hiji [[wiktionary:device|alat]] atawa [[wiktionary:machine|mesin]] keur nyieun [[wiktionary:calculation|itungan]] atawa kontrol operasi nu bisa ditembongkeun dina watesan [[wiktionary:numerical|numeris]] sareung logis. Istilah "komputer" asalna tina bahasa latin nyaéta "computare" nu miboga arti "cacah". Harti komputer nyaéta perangkat éléktronik nu bisa diprogram keur narima data atah salaku input jeung ngolah sakumpulan intruksi (program) keur ngahasilkeun hasil nyaéta nu disebut output. Komputer mangrupa alat perangkat éléktronik keur manipulasi inpormasi atawa data. Alat ieu miboga kamampuan ngajaga, nyokot, sareung ngolah data. Komputer dijieun keur ngajalankeun aplikasi sareung nyadiakeun rupa-rupa solusi maké runtuyan digit biner. Komputer ogé mangrupa dasar tina élmu teknologi informasi sareung komunikasi. Dasar téori keur itungan maké komputer disebut '''[[élmu komputer]]. ['''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hot.liputan6.com/read/4526862/pengertian-komputer-jenis-fungsi-dan-manfaatnya-untuk-kehidupan-sehari-hari]'''|title=Pengertian Komputer, Jenis, Fungsi, dan Manfaatnya untuk Kehidupan Sehari-Hari|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}</ref>
 
== Jenis-jenis Komputer ==
Baris ka-18:
'''Server'''
 
Server nyaéta komputer nu nyajikeun inpormasi ka komputer nu lain dina jaringan. Contona nyaéta internet. Server ogé digunakeun keur nyimpeun sareng ngabagi data internal. <!ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hot.liputan6.com/read/4526862/pengertian-komputer-jenis-fungsi-dan-manfaatnya-untuk-kehidupan-sehari-hari|title=Pengertian Komputer, Jenis, Fungsi, dan Manfaatnya untuk Kehidupan Sehari-Hari|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-01-30}}</ref>
==Prinsip umum==
 
== Fungsi Komputer ==
Komputer bisa meta ku ayana ketak bagian mékanis, [[éléktron]], [[foton]], [[partikel kuantum]], atawa fénoména fisik séjén nu bisa dijéntrékeun.
'''Data Input (Data Entry)'''
 
Fungsi ini nyaéta narima data atawa inpormasi ti sumber luar. Data anu ditarima ngaliwatan kagiatan keyboard, mouse, atawa pakakas lainna.
Computers may ''directly'' model the problem being solved, in the sense that the problem being solved is mapped as closely as possible onto the physical phenomena being exploited. For example, electron flows might be used to model the flow of water in a dam. Such ''analog'' computers were once common in the 1960s but are now rare. In most computers today, the problem is translated into mathematical terms, then reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]]. Electronic circuits are then used to represent Boolean operations. Since almost all of mathematics can be reduced to Boolean operations, a sufficiently fast electronic computer is capable of attacking the majority of mathematical problems, and much, much more. This basic idea, which made modern ''digital'' computers possible, was formally identified and explored by [[Claude E. Shannon]].
 
'''Ngolah data'''
Computers ''cannot'' solve all mathematical problems. [[Alan Turing]] identified which problems could and could not be solved by computers, and in doing so founded [[theoretical computer science]].
 
Fungsi komputer nu paling utama nyaéta ngalakukeun pangolahan. Data nu diolah bakal ngahasilkeun ouput nu disebut inpormasi. Contona teks, audio, video, gambar, grafik, sareung sajabana.
==Étimologi==
 
'''Nyimpeun data'''
Harti kecap komputer geus robah tapi tetep ngait kana kamampuhan mesin nu dipaké dina mangsana. Kecap ieu asalna dipaké pikeun ngadadarkeun jalma nu migawé itungan aritmétik and this usage is still valid (although it is becoming quite rare in the [[United States]]). The [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED2]] lists the year [[1897]] as the first year the word was used to refer to a [[mechanical calculating device]]. By [[1946]] several qualifiers were introduced by the OED2 to differentiate between the different types of machine. These qualifiers included [[analogue]], [[digital]] and [[electronic]]. However, from the context of the citation, it is obvious these terms were in use prior to 1946.
 
Fungsi data ''storage'' dina komputer nyaéta keur nyimpeun inpormasi. Data ieu ngagampangkeun pengguna keur néangan data sareung tiasa digunakeun deui. Data nu éta bisa disimpeun dina memori internal komputer atawa memori eksternal.
(tempo éntri Wiktionary pikeun kecap [[wiktionary:computer|computer]] pikeun definisi, tarjamah, jeung rincian [[wiktionary:etymology|étimologina]])
 
sebagai tempat untuk menyimpan informasi. Penyimpanan yang dilakukan berbeda-beda tergantung bagaimana informasinya akan digunakan. Fungsi komputer ini memudahkan pengguna untuk menemukan data dan akan digunakan kembali.
==The exponential progress of computer development==
The complexities involved in classifying the various types of computer are compounded by the [[exponential growth]] in computing capacity. Roughly speaking computing devices have doubled in capacity (instructions processed per second per $1000) every 18 to 24 months since [[1900]]. [[Gordon E. Moore|Gordon E. Moore]], co-founder of [[Intel]], first described this property of computer development in [[1965]] (see [[Moore's Law]]). The exponential growth in capacity has been sustained by the rapid evolution of engineering techniques used to build computers. Hand-in-hand with this increase in capacity per unit cost has been an equally dramatic process of [[wiktionary:miniaturization|miniaturization]]. The first electronic computers, such as the [[ENIAC]] (announced in [[1946]]), were huge devices that weighed tons, occupied entire rooms, and required many operators to function successfully. They were so expensive that only governments and large research organizations could afford them and were considered so exotic that only a handful would ever be required to satisfy global demand. By contrast modern computers are orders of magnitude; more powerful, less expensive, smaller and have become [[wiktionary:ubiquitous|ubiquitous]].
 
'''Ngaluarkeun data'''
==Classification of computers==
 
Data nu tos diprosés tina komputer bakal aya sareung tiasa digunakeun ku pengguna di perangkat lainna. Contona nyaéta data output nu jadi file audio, hard copy jadi ka kertas, sareung lain-lain. {{pondok}}
To define what a computer is it is necessary to develop a classification of computing devices. The following sections describe several different approaches to classifying computers. These classification approaches must be used in combination to unambiguously describe a given machine.
 
===Classification by intended use===
The most obvious way to classify computing machines is by their usage. This approach is commonly employed by manufacturers of computers to describe their products and users of computers to describe the machines they interact with. For example:
 
*[[Supercomputer]]
*[[Minisupercomputer]]
*[[Mainframe|Mainframe computer]]
*[[Enterprise server]]
*[[Minicomputer]]
*[[Workstation]]
*[[Personal computer|Personal computer]] (PC or desktop computer)
*[[Laptop|Laptop computer]]
*[[Personal Digital Assistant]] (PDA)
*[[Wearable computer]]
 
The [[wiktionary:colloquial|colloquial]] nature of this classification approach means it is [[wiktionary:ambiguous|ambiguous]]. It is usual for only current, commonly available devices to be included. The rapid nature of computer development means new uses for computers are frequently found and current definitions quickly become outdated. Many classes of computer that are no longer used, such as [[differential analyzer]]s, are not commonly included in such lists. Other classification schemes are required to unambiguously define the term computer.
 
===Classification by implementation technology===
A less ambiguous approach for classifying computing machines is by their implementation technology. The earliest computers were purely mechanical. In the [[1930s]] electro-mechanical components ([[relay]]s) were introduced from the [[telecommunication|telecommunications industry]], and in the [[1940s]] the first purely [[electronic]] computers were constructed from [[thermionic valve]]s (tubes). In the [[1950s]] and [[1960s]] valves were gradually replaced with [[transistor]]s and in the late [[1960s]] and early [[1970s]] [[microprocessor|semiconductor integrated circuits]] (silicon chips) were adopted and have been the mainstay of computing technology ever since.
 
This description of implementation technologies is not exhaustive; it only covers the mainstream of development. Historically many exotic technologies have been explored and abandoned. For example, [[model (economics)|economic models]] have been constructed using water flowing through multiple-constricted channels, and between [[1903]] and [[1909]] [[Percy E. Ludgate]] developed a design for a programmable analytical machine based [[weaving]] technologies in which variables were carried in [[shuttle]]s.
 
Efforts are currently underway to develop [[optical computer]]s that use light rather than electricity and the possibility that [[DNA computing|DNA]] can be used for computing is being explored. One radical new area of research that could lead to computers with dramatic new capabilities is the field of [[quantum]] computing but this is presently in its early experimental stages. With the exception of [[quantum computer]]s the implementation technology of a computer is not as important for classification purposes as the features that the machine implements.
 
===Classification by design features===
Modern computers combine many fundamental design features that have been developed by various contributors over many years. These features are often independent of implementation technology. Modern computers derive their overall capabilities from the way these features interact. Some of the most important design features are listed below.
 
====Digital versus analog====
A fundamental decision in designing a computer is whether it should be [[digital]] or [[analog]]. Digital computers process discrete numeric or symbolic values, while [[analog computer]]s process continuous data signals. Since the [[1940s]] digital computers have become by far the most common, although analog computers are still used for some specialized purposes such as [[robotics]] and [[cyclotron]] control. Other approaches, such as [[pulse computer|pulse computing]] and [[quantum computer|quantum computing]] are possible but are either used for special purposes or are still experimental.
 
====Binary versus decimal====
A significant design development in digital computing was the introduction of [[Binary numeral system|binary]] as the internal [[numeral system]]. This removed the need for complex carry mechanisms required for computers based on other numeral systems, such as the [[decimal|decimal system]]. The adoption of binary resulted in simplified designs for implementing arithmetic functions and [[Boolean algebra|logic operation]]s.
 
====Programmability====
The ability to [[Computer program|program]] a computer - provide it with a set of instructions for execution- without physically reconfiguring the machine is a fundamental design feature of most computers. This feature was significantly extended when machines were developed that could [[wiktionary:dynamically|dynamically]] control the flow of execution of the program. This allowed computers to control the order in which the program of instructions was executed based on data calculated by the program as it executed. This major design advance was dramatically simplified by the introduction of binary arithmetic which can be used to represent various [[Boolean algebra|logic operation]]s.
 
====Storage====
During the course of a calculation it is often necessary to store intermediate values for use in later calculations. The performance of many computers is largely dictated by; the speed with which they can read and write values to and from this [[computer storage|memory]], and the overall capacity of the memory. Originally [[computer storage|memory]] was used only for intermediate values but in the [[1940s]] it was suggested that the program itself could be stored in this way. This advance led to the development of the first stored-program computers of the type used today.
 
===Classification by capability===
Perhaps the best way to classify the various types of computing device is by their intrinsic capabilities rather than their usage, implementation technology or design features. Computers can be subdivided into three main types based on capability: Single-Purpose devices that can compute only one function (e.g. [[Antikythera mechanism|The Antikythera Mechanism]] [[87 BC]], and [[Lord Kelvin]]'s Tide predictor [[1876]]), Special-Purpose devices that can compute a limited range of functions (e.g. [[Charles Babbage]]'s [[Difference Engine No 1]]. [[1832]] and [[Vannevar Bush]]'s [[Differential analyser]] [[1932]]), and General-Purpose devices of the type used today. Historically the word computer has been used to describe all these types of machine but modern colloquial usage usually restricts the term to general-purpose machines.
 
====General-purpose computers====
By definition a general-purpose computer can solve any problem that can be expressed as a [[Computer program|program]] and executed within the practical limits set by: the [[computer storage|storage]] capacity of the computer, the size of program, the speed of program execution, and the reliability of the machine. In [[1934]] [[Alan Turing]] proved that, given the right program, any general-purpose computer could emulate the behavior of any other computer. This [[mathematical proof]] was purely [[wiktionary:theoretical|theoretical]] as no general-purpose computers existed at the time. The implications of this proof are profound, for example, any existing general-purpose computer is theoretically able to emulate, albeit slowly, any general-purpose computer that may be built in the future.
 
Computers with general-purpose capabilities are called [[Turing completeness|Turing-complete]] and this status is often used as the [[wiktionary:threshold|threshold]] capability that defines modern computers, however, this definition is [[wiktionary:problematic|problematic]]. Several computing devices with simplistic designs have been shown to be Turing-complete. The [[Z3]], developed by [[Konrad Zuse]] in [[1941]] is the earliest working computer that has been shown to be Turing-complete, so far (the proof was developed in [[1998]]). While the [[Z3]] and possibly other early devices may be theoretically Turing-complete they are impractical as general-purpose computers. They lie in what is humorously known as the [http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/T/Turing-tar-pit.html Turing Tar-Pit] - "a place where anything is possible but nothing of interest is practical" (See [http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/ The Jargon File]). Modern computers are more than theoretically general-purpose; they are also ''practical'' general-purpose tools. The modern, digital, electronic, general-purpose computer was developed, by many contributors, over an extended period from the mid [[1930s]] to the late [[1940s]], during this period many experimental machines were built that were possibly Turing-complete ([[Atanasoff Berry Computer|ABC]], [[ENIAC]], [[Harvard Mark I|Harvard Mk I]], [[Colossus]] etc see the [[History of computing hardware]]). All these machines have been claimed, at one time or another, as the first computer, but they all had limited utility as general-purpose problem-solving devices and their designs have been discarded.
 
=====Stored-program computers=====
During the late [[1940s]] the first design for a Stored-Program Computer was developed and documented (see [[The first draft]]) at the [[Moore School of Electrical Engineering]] at The [[University of Pennsylvania]]. The approach described by this document has become known as the [[Von Neumann architecture]], after it's only named author [[Jon von Neumann]] although others at the Moore School essentially invented the design. The [[Von Neumann architecture]] solved problems inherent in the design of the [[ENIAC]], which was then under construction, by storing the machines program in it's own memory. Von Neumann made the design available to other researchers shortly after the ENIAC was annouced in 1946. Plans were developed to implemented the design at the Moore School in a machine called the [[EDVAC]]. The [[EDVAC]] was not operational until [[1953]] due to technical difficulties in implementing a reliable memory. Other research institutes, who had obtained copies of the design, solved the considerable technical problems of implimenting a working memory before the Moore School team and implemented their own stored-program computers. In order of first successful operation the first 5 stored-program computers, that implemented the main features of the von Neumann Architecture were:
 
*[[Small-Scale Experimental Machine|Manchester Mk I Prototype (Baby)]] [[Manchester University]] [[Britain]]. [[June 21]], [[1948]],
*[[EDSAC]]. [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]. [[Britain]]. [[May 6]], [[1949]]
*[[BINAC]] [[United States]] ,[[April]] [[1949]] or [[August]], [[1949]].
*[[CSIRAC|CSIR Mk 1]] [[Australia]] [[November]], [[1949]]
*[http://museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/INTROD~1.HTM SEAC] [[US]] [[May 9]], [[1950]]
 
The Stored Program design defined by the von-Neumann Architecture finally allowed computers to readily exploit their general-purpose potential. By storing the computer's program in its own memory it became possible to rapidly "jump" from one instruction to another based on the result of evaluating a condition defined within the program. This condition usually evaluated data values calculated by the program and allowed programs to become highly dynamic. The design also supported the ability to automatically re-write the program as it executed - a powerful feature that must be used carefully. These features are fundamental to the way modern computers work.
 
To be precise, most modern computers are binary, electronic, stored-program, general-purpose, computing devices.
 
====Special-purpose computers====
The special-purpose computers that were popular in the [[1930s]] and early [[1940s]] have not been completely replaced by General-Purpose computers. As the cost and size of computers has fallen and their capabilities have increased it has become cost effective to use them for special-purpose applications. Many [[domestic]] and [[Industry|industrial]] devices including; [[mobile telephone]]s, [[video recorder]]s, automotive [[ignition system]]s, etc now contain special-purpose computers. In some cases these computers are [[Turing-complete]] ([[Video Game]]s, [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]]s) but many are programmed once in the factory and only seldom, if ever, reprogrammed. The program that these devices execute is often contained in a [[Read Only Memory]] (ROM chip) which would need to be replaced to change the operation of the machine. Computers embedded inside other devices are commonly referred to as [[microcontrollers]] or [[embedded computers]].
 
====Single-purpose computers====
Single-purpose computers were the earliest form of computing device. Given some inputs they could calculate the result of the single [[function (programming)|function]] that was implemented by their mechanism. General-Purpose computers have almost completely replaced single-purpose computers and in doing so have created a completely new field of human endeavor - [[Software engineering|Software Development]]. General-purpose computers must be programmed with a set of instructions specific to the task they are required to perform and these instructions are collectively know as [[computer software]]. The design of single-purpose computing devices and many special-purpose computing devices is now a conceptual exercise that consists solely of designing software.
 
===Classification by type of operation===
Computers may be classified according to the way they are operated by the users. Two main types exist: [[batch processing]] and [[interactive processing]].
 
==Computer applications==
 
The first electronic digital computers, with their large size and cost, mainly performed scientific calculations, often to support military objectives. The [[ENIAC]] was originally designed to calculate ballistics firing tables for [[artillery]], but it was also used to calculate neutron cross-sectional densities to see if the [[hydrogen bomb]] would work properly. This calculation, performed in [[December]], [[1945]] through [[January]], [[1946]] and involving over a million [[punch card]]s of [[data]], showed the design then under consideration would fail. (Interestingly, many of the most powerful [[supercomputer]]s available today are also used for [[nuclear weapon]]s [[simulation]]s.) The [[CSIRAC|CSIR Mk I]], the first [[Australia]]n stored-program computer, evaluated rainfall patterns for the [[catchment area]] of the [[Snowy Mountains]] Scheme, a large [[hydroelectric]] generation project. Others were used in [[cryptanalysis]], for example the world's first programmable (though not general-purpose) digital electronic computer, [[Colossus]], built during [[World War II]]. Despite this early focus of scientific applications, computers were quickly used in other areas.
 
From the beginning, stored program computers were applied to business problems. The [[LEO computer|LEO]], a stored program-computer built by [[J. Lyons and Co.]] in [[Britain]], was operational and being used for inventory management and other purposes 3 years before [[IBM]] built their first commercial stored-program computer.
Continual reductions in the cost and size of computers saw them adopted by ever-smaller organizations. And with the invention of the [[microprocessor]] in the [[1970s]], it became possible to produce inexpensive computers. In the [[1980s]], [[personal computers]] became popular for many tasks, including [[book-keeping]], writing and printing documents, calculating forecasts and other repetitive mathematical tasks involving [[spreadsheet]]s.
 
===The Internet===
In the 1970s, computer engineers at various research institutions throughout the US began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. This effort was funded by [[Advanced Research Projects Agency|ARPA]], and the [[computer network]] that it produced was called the [[ARPANET]]. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible rapidly spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic institutions and became known as the [[Internet]]. In the [[1990s]], the development of [[World Wide Web]] technologies enabled ordinary, non-technical people to use the internet, and it grew rapidly to become a [[wiktionary:global|global]] communications medium.
 
==How computers work==
While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose, computers of the [[1940s]] (see [[History of computing hardware]] for more details), most still use the [[von Neumann architecture]].
 
The von Neumann [[von Neumann architecture|architecture]] describes a computer with four main sections: the [[ALU|Arithmetic and Logic Unit]] (ALU), the [[control unit|control circuitry]], the [[computer storage|memory]], and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by a bundle of wires (a "[[computer bus|bus]]") and are usually driven by a timer or [[clock]] (although other [[event]]s could drive the control circuitry).
 
===Memory===
In this system, '''[[computer storage|memory]]''' is a sequence of numbered cells, each containing a small piece of information. The information may be an [[instruction]] to tell the computer what to do. The cell may contain [[data]] that the computer needs to perform the instruction. Any cell may contain either, and indeed what is at one time data might be instructions later.
 
In general, the contents of a memory cell can be changed at any time - it is a scratchpad rather than a stone tablet.
 
The size of each cell, and the number of cells, varies greatly from computer to computer, and the technologies used to implement memory have varied greatly - from electromechanical [[relays]], to mercury-filled tubes (and later springs) in which acoustic pulses were formed, to matrices of permanent magnets, to individual [[transistors]], to [[integrated circuits]] with millions of [[capacitor]]s on a single [[chip]].
 
===Processing ([[Processor]])===
[[Image:CPU with pins.jpg|thumb|right|A [[central processing unit|CPU]]]]
The '''arithmetic and logical unit''', or [[arithmetic and logical unit|ALU]], is the device that performs elementary [[operation]]s such as arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, and so on), [[logic]]al operations ([[logic gate|AND, OR, NOT]]), and comparison operations (for example, comparing the contents of two [[byte]]s for equality). This unit is where the "real work" is done.
 
The '''[[control unit]]''' keeps track of which bytes in memory contain the current instruction that the computer is performing, telling the ALU what operation to perform and retrieving the information (from memory) that it needs to perform it, and transfers the result back to the appropriate memory location. Once that occurs, the control unit goes to the next instruction (typically located in the next slot ([[memory address]]), unless the instruction is a [[jump instruction]] informing the computer that the next instruction is located in another location).
When referrring to memory, the current instruction may use
various [[addressing mode]]s to determine the relevant address in memory.
 
Today there are mainly two kinds of CPU's available for home use. The first is made by [http://www.intel.com Intel] (the CPU giant) and the other is made by [http://www.amd.com AMD](their main competition). In the past [http://www.motorolla.com Motorolla]and Cyrix have also manufactured CPU's for desktop use, but Intel (Pentium & Celeron) and AMD (Athlon, Opteron, 64) have proven themselves.
 
===Input and output===
The '''[[Input/output|I/O]]''' allows the computer to obtain information from the outside world, and send the results of its work back there. There is an incredibly broad range of I/O devices, from the familiar [[Alphanumeric keyboard|keyboard]]s, [[Computer display|monitors]] and [[floppy disk]] drives, to the more unusual such as [[webcam]]s.
 
What all input devices have in common is that they [[encode]] (convert) information of some type into [[data]] which can further be processed by the digital computer system. Output devices on the other hand, [[decode]] the data into information which can be understood by the computer user. In this sense, a digital computer system is an example of a [[data processing system]].
 
===Instructions===
The machine set of instructions are not the rich instructions of a human language. A computer only has a limited number of well-defined, simple instructions. Computers can perform two tasks. They can count and they can compare. Typical sorts of instructions supported by most computers are "copy the contents of cell 123, and place the copy in cell 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and place the result in cell 013", "if the contents of cell 999 are 0, your next instruction is at cell 345".
 
Instructions are represented within the computer as [[binary]] code - a base two system of counting. The code for "copy" might be 001, for example. The particular instruction set that a specific computer supports is known as that computer's [[machine language]]. In practice, people do not normally write the instructions for computers directly in machine language but rather use a "high level" [[programming language]] which is then translated into the machine language automatically by special computer programs ([[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]]s and [[compiler]]s). Some programming languages map very closely to the machine language, such as [[assembler]] (low level languages); at the other end, languages like [[Prolog]] are based on abstract principles far removed from the details of the machine's actual operation (high level languages).
 
===Architecture===
Contemporary computers put the [[ALU]] and [[control unit]] into a single [[integrated circuit]] known as the [[Central processing unit|Central Processing Unit]] or CPU. Typically, the computer's memory is located on a few small integrated circuits near the CPU. The overwhelming majority of the computer's mass is either ancillary systems (for instance, to supply electrical power) or I/O devices.
 
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one major respect - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Additionally, a few computers, used mainly for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial application, because their programming model has not yet standardized.
 
The functioning of a computer is therefore in principle quite straightforward. Typically, on each clock cycle, the computer fetches instructions and data from its memory. The instructions are executed, the results are stored, and the next instruction is fetched. This procedure repeats until a ''halt'' instruction is encountered.
 
===Programs===
[[Computer program]]s are simply large lists of instructions for the computer to execute, perhaps with tables of data. Many computer programs contain millions of instructions, and many of those instructions are executed repeatedly. A typical modern [[personal computer|PC]] (in the year [[2003]]) can execute around 2-3 billion instructions per second. Computers do not gain their extraordinary capabilities through the ability to execute complex instructions. Rather, they do millions of simple instructions arranged by clever people, "[[programmer]]s." Good programmers develop sets of instructions to do common tasks (for instance, draw a dot on screen) and then make those sets of instructions available to other programmers.
 
Nowadays, most computers appear to execute several programs at the same time. This is usually referred to as [[multitasking]]. In reality, the CPU executes instructions from one program, then after a short period of time, it switches to a second program and executes some of its instructions. This small interval of time is often referred to as a time slice. This creates the illusion of multiple programs being executed simultaneously by sharing the CPU's time between the programs. This is similar to how a movie is simply a rapid succession of still frames. The [[operating system]] is the program that usually controls this time sharing.
 
====Sistim operasi====
Komputer salawasna butuh sahanteuna hiji program nu salawasna jalan sangkang operasina jalan. Dina operasi normal program ieu katelah [[sistim operasi]] (Ing. ''operating system'', OS). Sistim operasi nangtukeun program mana nu jalan, iraha, jeung sumberdaya naon (kayaning mémori atawa I/O) nu kudu dipaké. The operating system also provides a layer of abstraction over the hardware, and gives access by providing services to other programs, such as code ("drivers") which allow programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the intimate details of all attached electronic devices.-->
 
==Baca ogé==
* ''[[téori komputabilitas]]''
* [[lambardata komputer]] (Ing. ''computer datasheet'')
* [[paméran komputer]]
* [[élmu komputer]]
* tipe komputer: ''[[desktop]]'', ''[[notebook]]'', ''[[desknote]]'', ''[[Roll-away]]''
* [[digital]]
 
==Tumbu kaluar==
* [http://s8.invisionfree.com/ComputerGeek/index.php ComputerGeek forums] Computer programming discussion forum
* [http://www.xtremecomputing.co.uk Xtreme Computing] Computing reviews, articles and forum
* [http://www.computerhistory.org Computer History Museum]
* [http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org Pictures and information on old computers]
* [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html Definition of Computer @ Webopedia]
* [http://www.navito.co.uk/computers.asp Guide to buying a new computer]
* [http://open-site.org/Computers/ Open Site Project - Computers Section]
* [http://www.ittips.com/ Computer Help]
* [http://www.elook.org/computing/ eLook Computing Reference - computer terms and definitions]
* http://dmoz.org/Computers/
* [http://www.simplecomputeranswers.com/ Volunteer-Answered Free Computer Help]
 
{{pondok}}
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