Azawad
Azawad, kawanoh ogé salaku Nagara Merdika Azawad[1] (Tuareg: ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ, Azawd; Basa Arab: دولة أزواد المستقلة[2], Dawlat Azawād al-Mustaqillah; Basa Prancis: État indépendant de l’Azawad[1]), nyaéta hiji wewengkon di Mali beulah kalér sarta ogé urut nagara nu teu diakuan, proklamasi kamerdikaan Azawad sacara sapihak dinyatakeun ku Gerakan Nasional Pangbébasan Azawad (MNLA) dina 2012 sanggeus hiji Pamberontakan Tuareg nyandak Tentara Mali kaluar ti wewengkon ieu. Azawad, sakumaha diklaim ku MNLA, ngawengku région Timbuktu, Kidal, Gao, jeung sabagian ti Région Mopti,[3] mibanda kira-kira 60 persén ti total wewengkon Mali. Azawad wawatesan jeung Burkina Faso di kidul, Mauritania di kulon jeung kalér-kulon, Aljazair di kalér jeung kalér-wétan, sarta Niger di wétan jeung tenggara, sareng Mali di kidul-kulon. Gao nyaéta kota panggedéna jeung ibu kota saheulaan,[4] samentara Timbuktu mangrupa kota nu pangedéna kadua, sarta diniatkeun pikeun jadi ibu kota permanén.
| Azawad ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ أزواد | ||||
| Nagara tanpa pangakuan kadaulatan | ||||
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| Ibu kota | Timbuktu (de jure) Gao (saheulaan) | |||
| Basa | Tuareg · Songhay · Fula Arab Hassānīya Perancis | |||
| Pamaréntahan | Déwan Transisi Nagara Azawad (Conseil de Transition de l'Etat de l'Azawad, CTEA) | |||
| Présidén | ||||
| - 2012 | Bilal Ag Acherif | |||
| Wakil Présidén | ||||
| - 2012 | Mahamadou Djeri Maïga | |||
| Jaman | Konflik Mali Kalér | |||
| - Proklamasi | 6 April 2012 | |||
| - Patempuran Gao | 27 Juni 2012 | |||
| - Ansongo labuh | 12 Juli 2012 | |||
Tingali ogé édit
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| Wikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung Azawad . |
Rujukan édit
- ↑ a b Bilal Ag Acherif (6 April 2012). "Déclaration d'indépendence de l'Azawad" [Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (dalam French). National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. Diakses tanggal 6 April 2012. Archived 18 Oktober 2012 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Bilal Ag Acherif (6 April 2012). "بيان استقلال أزواد" [Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (dalam Arabic). National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. Diakses tanggal 28 April 2012. Archived 12 Méi 2012 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Mali Tuareg rebels control Timbuktu as troops flee". BBC News. 1 April 2012. Diakses tanggal 3 April 2012.
- ↑ "Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali". Al Jazeera. Citakan:ISO date/en. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124644412359539.html. Diakses pada 6 April 2012
Pustaka édit
- Dubois, Felix; White, Diana (trans.) (1896). Timbuctoo the mysterious. New York: LongmansCitakan:Inconsistent citations.
- Fage, J. D. (1956). An Introduction to the History of West Africa. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 22Citakan:Inconsistent citations
- Hacquard, Augustin (1900). Monographie de Tombouctou. Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes. http://www.archive.org/details/monographiedeto00hacqgoogCitakan:Inconsistent citations. Also available from Gallica.
- Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Timbuktu". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 508–510. ISBN 90-04-11211-1Citakan:Inconsistent citations.
- Hunwick, John O. (2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 0585-6914 Check
|isbn=value (bantuan)Citakan:Inconsistent citations. First published in 1999 as ISBN 90-04-11207-3. - Imperato, Pascal James (1989). Mali: A Search for Direction. Westview Press. ISBN 1-85521-049-5Citakan:Inconsistent citations .
- Kaba, Lansine (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)". Journal of African History 22 (4): 457–475. doi:10.1017/S0021853700019861. JSTOR 181298. PMID 11632225Citakan:Inconsistent citations.
- Kirkby, Coel; Murray, Christina (2010). "Elusive Autonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa". Di Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine. Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 97–120. ISBN 978-0-8122-4230-0.
- McIntosh, Roderick J. (2008), "Before Timbuktu: cities of the Elder World" (PDF), The Meanings of Timbuktu (HSRC Press): 31–43, diakses tanggal 9 April 2012 Archived 27 Séptémber 2020 di Wayback Machine
- Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24603-2Citakan:Inconsistent citations.
Tumbu kaluar édit
- Ramatloka MNLA Archived 2012-06-09 di Wayback Machine
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