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'''Karl Pearson''' ([[March 27]], [[1857]] – [[April 27]], [[1936]]) loba kontribusina dina pengembangan [[statistics]] saperti disiplin elmu nu sarius. Anjeunna ngadegkeun Jurusan Applied Statistics di [[University College London]] taun [[1911]]; ngarupakeun [[university]] mimiti nu ngabogaan jurusan statistik di dunya.
=== Biography ===
Karl Pearson was born in London on the 27th March, [[1857]]. He was educated privately at University College School, after which he went to [[King's College, Cambridge]] to study mathematics. He then spent part of [[1879]] and [[1880]] studying medieval and 16th-century [[German literature]] at the universities of [[Berlin]] and [[Heidelberg]] – in fact, he became sufficiently knowledgeable in this field that he was offered a post in the German department at [[Cambridge University]].
His next career move was to [[Lincoln's Inn]], where he read [[law]] until [[1881]] (although he never practised).
After this, he returned to [[mathematics]], deputising for the mathematics [[professor]] at King's College London in 1881 and for the professor at University College London in [[1883]]. In [[1884]], he was appointed to the Goldshmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London. [[1891]] saw him also appointed to the professorship of [[Geometry]] at [[Gresham College]]; here he met W.F.R. Weldon, a zoologist who had some interesting problems requiring quantitative solutions. The collaboration, in [[biometry]] and [[evolution]]ary theory, was a fruitful one and lasted until Weldon died in [[1906]]. Weldon introduced Pearson to [[Francis Galton]], who was interested in aspects of evolution such as heredity and [[eugenics]].
Galton died in [[1911]] and left the residue of his estate to the [[University of London]] for a Chair in Eugenics. Pearson was the first holder of this chair, in accordance with Galton's wishes. He formed the Department of Applied Statistics (with financial support from the [[Drapers' Company]]), into which he incorporated the Biometric and Galton laboratories. He remained with the department until his retirement in [[1933]], and continued to work until his death in [[1936]].
Pearson married Maria Sharpe in [[1890]], and between them they had 2 daughters and a son. The son, [[Egon Sharpe Pearson]], succeeded him as head of the Applied Statistics Department at University College.
Aside from his professional life, Pearson was active as a prominent freethinker and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the era of the suffragette movement in the UK) and upon [[Karl Marx]]. His commitment to [[socialism]] and its ideals led him to refuse the offer of being created an OBE ([[British honours system|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]) in [[1920]], and also to refuse a [[Knighthood]] in 1935.
Pearson's views on eugenics, however, would be considered deeply [[racism|racist]] today. According to a [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/genes/eugenics/beginnings.shtml BBC report on the history of genetics], "Pearson was a fanatic – a cold, calculating measurer of man who claimed to be a socialist, but loathed the working class." Pearson openly advocated "war" against "inferior races," and saw this as a logical implication of his scientific work on human measurement: "My view – and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "– is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races."
=== Awards from professional bodies ===
Pearson achieved widespread recognition across a range of disciplines and his membership of, and awards from, various professional bodies reflects this:
*1896: elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society]]
*1898: awarded the [[Darwin Medal]]
*1911: awarded the honorary degree of LLD from [[St Andrews University]]
*1911: awarded a DSc from University of London
*1920: offered (and refused) the OBE
*1932: awarded the Rudolf Virchow medal by the Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft
*1935: offered (and refused) a knighthood
He was also elected an Honorary Fellow of King's College Cambridge, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, University College London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Member of the Actuaries' Club.
=== Contributions to statistics ===
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of [[biology]], [[epidemiology]], anthropometry, [[medicine]] and social [[history]]. In [[1901]], with Weldon and Galton, he founded the journal ''Biometrika'' whose object was the development of statistical theory. He edited this journal till his death. He also founded the journal ''Annals of Eugenics'' (now ''Annals of Human Genetics'') in [[1925]]. He published the ''Drapers' Company Research Memoirs'' largely to provide a record of the output of the Department of Applied Statistics not published elsewhere.
Pearson's thinking underpins many of the `classical' statistical methods which are in common use today. Some of his main contributions are:
#'''[[Linear regression]] and [[correlation]].''' Pearson was instrumental in the development of this theory. One of his classic data sets involves the regression of sons' height upon that of their fathers'. Pearson built a 3-dimensional model of this data set (which remains in the care of the Statistical Science Department) to illustrate the ideas. The [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]] is named after him.
#'''Classification of distributions.''' Pearson's work on classifying [[probability distribution]]s forms the basis for a lot of modern statistical theory; in particular, the [[exponential family]] of distributions underlies the theory of [[generalized linear models]].
#[[Uji kuadrat-chi Pearson]]. Bagean tina [[tes chi-kuadrat]], tes kapercayaan statistik.
=== Publications ===
* ''The New Werther'' ([[1880]])
* ''The Trinity, A Nineteenth Century Passion Play'' ([[1882]])
* ''Die Fronica'' ([[1887]])
* ''The Ethic of Freethought'' ([[1886]])
* ''The Grammar of Science'' ([[1892]])
* ''On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves'' ([[1894]])
* ''Skew variation in homogeneous material'' ([[1895]])
* ''Regression, heredity and panmixia'' ([[1896]])
* ''On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to hove arisen from random sampling'' ([[1900]])
* ''Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians'' (([[1914]]))
* ''Tables of Incomplete Beta Function'' ([[1934]])
* ''The life, letters and labours of [[Francis Galton]]'' (3 vol.: [[1914]], [[1924]], [[1930]]). Available in full at http://galton.org
=== External links ===
* The [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/index.html MacTutor History of Mathematics] archive at St. Andrews University includes biographies of mathematicians and statisticians (including Pearson), as well as general information on the history of mathematics.
* John Aldrich's [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/kpreader.htm Karl Pearson: a Reader's Guide] contains many useful links to further sources of information.
* Gavan Tredoux's Francis Galton site, [http://galton.org galton.org], contains Pearson's biography of Francis Galton, and several other papers - in addition to nearly all of Galton's own published works.
=== Further reading ===
Most of the biographical information above is taken from <i>A list of the papers and correspondence of Karl Pearson (1857-1936)</i> held in the Manuscripts Room, University College London Library, compiled by M.Merrington, B.Blundell, S.Burrough, J.Golden and J.Hogarth and published by the Publications Office, University College London, 1983. See http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/history/pearson.html.
Further references which may be of use are:
* Eisenhart, Churchill (1974): <i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i>, pp.447-73. New York, 1974.
* Filon, L.N.G. and Yule, G.U. (1936): <i>Obituary Notices of the Royal Society of London</i>, Vol. ii, No.5, pp.73-110.
* Pearson, E.S. (1938): <i>Karl Pearson: an appreciation of some aspects of his life and work</i>. Cambridge University Press.
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