Shanghai: Béda antarrépisi

|[[Area|'''[[Area]]''']]: || 6,340.5 [[square kilometre|km²]] ([[List of China administrative regions by area|31st]])

|[[Population|'''[[Population]]''']] ([[2004]]): || 17,420,000 ([[List of China administrative regions by population|25th]]) <small> Municipality</small>

|[[Elevation|'''[[Elevation]]''']]: || 0 - 103.4 m

|[[Postal code|'''[[Postal code]]''']]: || '''2000'''00 - '''2021'''00

|[[Area code|'''[[Area code]]''']]: || +86/21

|[[Time zone|'''[[Time zone]]''']] : || [[UTC|UTC+8]]

|[[Website|'''[[Website]]''']] : || [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/ www.shanghai.gov.cn]

|[[Mayor|'''[[Mayor]]''']]: || [[Han Zheng]]

'''Shanghai''' ({{zh-c|c=上海}}; [[pinyin]]: {{Audio|Zh-Shanghai.ogg|Shànghǎi}}; [[Shanghainese]]: {{IPA|/zɑ̃'he/}}), ayana di sapanjang [[Yangtze River Delta|Delta Walungan Yangtze]] di [[East China|Cina Wétan]], kota panggedéna di [[People's Republic of China|Republik Rakyat Cina]]. Ilahar disebut bénténg [[economy|ekonomi]] Cina modern, Shanghai ogé nyadiakeun hal penting dina budaya, dagang, kauangan, industri jeung pusat komunikasi Cina. Sacara administrasi, Shanghai nyaéta [[municipalities of China|kotamadya]] [[People's Republic of China|Republik Rakyat Cina]] nu [[Political divisions of China#Province level|statusna satara propinsi]]. Shanghai ogé salah sahiji [[port|palabuan]] nu pangsibukna di dunya, sarta jadi pusat kargo panggedéna dina taun 2005 <ref>[[World's busiest port|List of the busiest ports in the world]]</ref>.

Tina kota [[fishing|nguseup]] nu sepi, Shanghai jadi salah sahiji kota penting di China dina [[20th century|abad kaduapuluh]] tur jadi pusat [[popular culture|budaya populér]], diskusi intelék jeung intrik politik nalika éra [[Republic of China|Republik China]]. Shanghai jadi pusat ékonomi nomer tilu di dunya, sanggeus [[New York City|Kota New York]] jeung [[London]], sarta kota dagang panggedéna di [[Far East|Wetan Jaun]] dina ahir [[19th century|abad ka-19]] jeung awal [[20th century|abad ka-20]]. Sanggeus [[Chinese Revolution|komunis ngawasa dina taun 1949]], Shanghai langlayeuseun dina pangaruh pajeg pamarentah nu kuat tur unsur [[bourgeois|borju]] dibersihkeun. Sanggeus pamarentah pusat nyieun kawijakan [[Market economy|ékonomi-pasar]] keur ngawangun deui Shanghai dina taun [[1992]], Shanghai tumuwuh gancang ngaleuwihan kota [[Shenzhen]] jeung [[Guangzhou]] nu leuwih tiheula maju, jeung sanggeus éta jadi nu pangmajuna dina ékonomi China. Sababaraha tantangan disanghareupan ku Shanghai dina awal abad ka-21, minangka kota nu keur usaha pikeun ngurangan tingkat migrasi pagawé nu nérékél, béda tingkat karaharjaan, jeung turunna kualitas lingkungan. Sangkilang kitu, gedung jarangkung jeung kahirupan moderen di Shanghai mindeng ditempo salaku tanda nu nuduhkeun tumuwuhna ekonomi China.

[[Gambar:Shanghaikanji.png|left]] Ngaran "Shanghai" ditulis dina dua [[Chinese character|karakter Cina]] (tempo beulah kenca) sacara literatur hartina "dina" jeung "laut". Dina [[Shanghainese|basa wewengkon Shanghai]] dieja {{IPA|/zɑ̃.'he/}}, sedengkeun dina [[Mandarin Chinese|Basa Mandarin Standar]] dumasar kana [[Hanyu Pinyin]] dieja Shànghǎi. Ngaran kota Shanghai ti [[Song Dynasty|Dinasti Song]] (dina [[11th century|abad ka-11]]), nu dina waktu harita geus aya muara walungan jeung ngaran kota ieu di tempat kiwari. Aya sababaraha nu masih keneh dipadungdengkeun saperti kumaha ngahartikeun ngaran Shanghai, tapi sajarah pamarentah satempat nyebutkeun yen Shanghai hartina "wewengkon luhureun laut" (海之上洋). Sanajan kitu, dina basa Mandarin, oge nyebutkeun "indit ka laut," nujul kana status kota palabuan. Ngaran puitis Shanghai nyaeta ku cara mindahkeun runtuyan dua karakter saperti, '''Haishang''' (海上), ngaran ieu ilahar dipake keur seni jeung budaya Shanghai. Di Eropa, Shanghai dieja oge Schanghai (dina [[German language|Basa Jerman]]), Sjanghai (dina [[Dutch language|Basa Belanda]]), Xangai (dina [[Portuguese language|Basa Portugis]]) sarta Changhaï (dina [[French language|Basa Perancis]]), tapi saprak taun 1990-an dumasar kana [[Hanyu Pinyin]] dieja "Shanghai" tur jadi ilahar dipake di Eropa. Dina [[Basa Jepang]], Shanghai ditulis make dua karakter Basa Cina nu sarua (上海), sarta dina ejaan Jepang ''Shanhai'' (シャンハイ) nu meh sarua jeung ejaan Mandarin.

{{mainutama|History of Shanghai}}

[[city wall|Kota tembok]] mimiti diwangun dina taun [[1553]], hal ieu dianggap mimiti ayana Kota Shanghai. Samemeh abad ka-19, Shanghai lain kota utama, beda jeung kota utama China kiwari, teu loba kapanggih bukti [[History of China|China baheula]] di Shanghai. Sanajan kitu, saeutik bukti nu kapanggih di Shanghai heubeul kacida tur tipe tina periode [[Three Kingdoms|Tilu Karajaan]] dina Sajarah Cina, sabab Shanghai kiwari kaasup pusat sajarah [[Wu Kingdom|Karajaan Wu]] (222-280).

The [[Taiping Rebellion]] broke out in [[1850]], and in [[1853]] Shanghai was occupied by a [[triad]] offshoot of the rebels, called the [[Small Swords Society]]. The fighting destroyed the countryside but left the foreigners' settlements untouched, and Chinese arrived seeking refuge. Although previously Chinese were forbidden to live in foreign settlements, [[1854]] saw new regulations drawn up making land available to Chinese. Land prices rose substantially.

Shanghai was then the biggest financial city in the [[Far East]]. Under the [[Republic of China]], Shanghai was made a [[special city]] in 1927, and a municipality in May [[1930]]. The Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai on [[January 28]], [[1932]], nominally in an effort to crush down Chinese student protests of the [[Manchurian Incident]] and the subsequent Japanese occupation. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the [[January 28 Incident]]. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. In the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the city fell after the [[Battle of Shanghai]] in [[1937]], and was occupied until Japan's surrender in [[1945]].

{{mainutama|Districts and counties of Shanghai}}

Shanghai is often regarded as the center of finance and trade in mainland China. Modern development began with economic reforms in [[1992]], a decade later than many of the Southern Chinese provinces. Prior to then, much of the city's tax revenue went directly to the capital, [[Beijing]], with little return. Even with a decreased tax burden after 1992, Shanghai's tax contribution to the central government is around 20-25% of the national total (Shanghai's annual tax burden pre-1990s was on average 70% of the national total). Shanghai today is the biggest and most developed city in [[mainland China]].

Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system, largely based on buses, and a rapidly expanding metro system. For a city of Shanghai's size, road traffic is fairly smooth and convenient.

Shanghai has the world's most extensive [[bus]] system with nearly one thousand bus lines <ref>{{cite news | url=http://darwin.nap.edu/books/030908492X/html/223.html | title=Personal Cars and China (2003)}}</ref>. The [[Shanghai Metro]] (subway and elevated lightrail) has five lines (numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) at present. According to the development schedule of the municipal government, by the year 2010, another 8 lines will be built in Shanghai. Bus and metro fares run from ¥1 to ¥4 depending on distance (or between 12 to 50 US cents). [[Taxis]] in Shanghai are plentiful and market competition has driven taxi fare down to affordable prices for the average resident (¥10 or a little over one US dollar for 3 km). Before the 1990s, bicycling was the most ubiquitous form of transportion in Shanghai, but the city has since banned bicycles on many of the city's main roads to ease congestion. With rising disposable incomes, private car ownership in Shanghai has also been rapidly increasing in recent years.

Three [[Railways in China|railway]]s intersect in Shanghai: [[Jinghu Railway]] (Beijing-Shanghai) Railway passing through [[Nanjing]] (京沪线), Shanghai-[[Hangzhou]] Railway (沪杭线 Hu Hang Line), and Xiaoshan-[[Ningbo]] (萧甬线 Xiao Yong Line). Shanghai has three passenger railway stations, [[Shanghai Railway Station]], [[Shanghai West Railway Station]] and [[Shanghai South Railway Station]]. A maglev train route to [[Hangzhou]] ([[Shanghai-Hangzhou Maglev Train]] 沪杭磁悬浮线) will begin construction in 2006 and is planned to be finished in 2008. A high-speed train to Beijing is also in the works. Expressways from [[Beijing]] ([[Jinghu Expressway]]) and from the region around Shanghai connect to the city. There are ambitious plans to build expressways connecting Shanghai's [[Chongming Island]] with the urban core.

Despite this heterogeneous origin to the Shanghainese population, there has been a strong sense of Shanghainese identity, founded upon cultural and economical superiority up until the [[Chinese Revolution|Revolution]]. The Revolution was a humbling experience for Shanghai as a whole, as it was brought into line by the [[Communist]] regime, whose ideology favoured grass-root agriculture and industry, and opposed bourgeois excesses, which Shanghai stood for in the eyes of many. This led to a spiraling cycle, with the Shanghainese eyeing the rest of the country with disdain as "provincials" (乡下人; ''xianwonin'' in Shanghainese), while the rest of the country thought of the Shanghainese as arrogant and petty.

This has been fuelled in recent times, by migrants from all over China, who do not speak the local dialect and are therefore forced to use Mandarin as a [[lingua franca]]. Rising crime rates, littering, harassive panhandling, and an overloading of the basic infrastructure (mainly public transportation, schools) associated with the rise of these migrant populations (over 3 million new migrants in 2003 alone) have been generating some ill will from the Shanghainese. The new migrants are easy to spot by the Shanghainese, and are often targets of both intentional and unintentional discrimination. This further intensifies the misunderstandings and stereotypes between the Shanghainese and the Chinese outside of the Lower Yangtze basin.

The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional [[Jiangnan|Lower Yangtze]] (Jiangnan) Chinese architecture and social behavior. All traditional Chinese dwellings had a courtyard, and the shikumen was no exception. Yet, to compromise with its urban nature, it was much smaller and provided an "interior haven" to the commotions in the streets, allowing for raindrops to fall and vegetation to grow freely within a residence. The courtyard also allowed sunlight and adequate ventilation into the rooms.

* [[Han Bangqing]] (韓邦慶), ''[[The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai]]'' ({{zh-tp|t=『海上花列傳』|p=Haishang Hua Liezhuan}}), a novel following the lives of Shanghainese [[sing-song girls]] ([[courtesans]] who sing, dance and may provide sexual services) and the timeless decadence surrounding them. The novel was first published in 1892 during the last two decades of the [[Qing Dynasty]], with the dialogue completely in vernacular [[Wu (linguistics)|Wu Chinese]] ([[Shanghainese]]). The highly popular novel set a precedent for modern Chinese literature and was later translated into [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] and English by [[Eileen Chang]]. In 2005, Eileen Chang's translation was revised by [[Eva Hung]] and published in English by Columbia University Press. The novel is also sometimes called ''[[Flowers of Shanghai]]'' after the 1998 film adaptation.

* [[Eileen Chang]] was a famous Shanghainese writer during World War II. Nearly all her works of bourgeois romanticism are set in Shanghai, and many have been made into arthouse films (see ''[[Eighteen Springs]]'').

Shanghai will be the host of the [[Expo 2010 ]] [[World's Fair]] between May to October [[2010]]