Asia Kalér
Asia Kalér sakapeung sok dihartikeun minangka sub wewengkon Asia nu ngawengku bagéan Asia Rusia. Istilah ieu teu dipaké sacara lega. Sakapeung, Asia kalér dipaké keur netepkeun bagéan Asia Wétan jeung/atawa Asia Tengah, kalayan Rusia di Asia dibagi jeung Éropa Wétan.
Phillips Illustrated Atlas of the World 1988 ngadéfinisikeun Asia Kalér minangka wewengkon nu kalolobaanna urut USSR, bagéan di wétaneun Pagunungan Ural.[1] Définisi saméméh ayana USSR nyaéta taun 1882 ku Kéane jeung Temple, nu ngadéfinisikeun Asia Kalér minangka "dua babagéana administratif gedé di Siberia Kulon jeung Wétan, nu puseur dayeuhna patuturut Omsk jeung Irkutsk". Ieu hartina, "hiji sistim pulitik nu lega, nu ngawengku ampir sapertilu buana, tur, kajaba ukur sabagéan leutik wewengkon, langsung diparéntah ku Rusia".[2]
Démograpi
éditTaun 1875, Chambers ngalaporkeun yén populasi Asia kalér aya 8 yuta.[3]
Géografi
éditEuweuh ranté pagunungan di Asia kalér nu gahalangan hawa angin ti Arktik nu ngahiliwir turun ka daratan Siberia jeung Turkestan.[3]
Lémpéngan jeung daratan Asia Kalér ngawengku dataran handap Siberia Kalér; Angara Shield, jeung Tanjung Taimyr, dataran handap basisir, Putorama Range, Anabar Plateau, jeung Tunguska Plateau, katut Angara Plateau; jeung Lena-Vilyuy Basin. [4]
Géomorpologi
éditGéomorfologi Asia sacara umum masih teuacan kaguar kabéh. Sanajan kitu urang geus mikawanoh kalayan hadé ngeunaan taneuh anu namper (deposit) kitu deui gunung-gunung anu aya di benua Asia.[4]
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Artikel ieu keur dikeureuyeuh, ditarjamahkeun tina basa Inggris. Bantuanna didagoan pikeun narjamahkeun. |
To compensate for new sea floor having been créated in the Siberian basin, the whole of the Asian Plate has pivoted about a point in the New Siberian Islands, causing compression in the Verkhoyansk mountains, which were formed along the éastern margin of the Angara Shield by tectonic uplift during the Mesozoic Era. There is a southern boundary to this across the northern margin of the Alpine folds of Iran, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, which at the éast of Brahmaputra turns to run south towards the Bay of Bengal along the line of the Naga hills and the Arakan Yoma, continues around Indonesia, and follows the edge of the continental shelf along the éastern séaboard of China. The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate meet across the neck of Alaska, following the line of the Aleutian Trench, rather than meeting at the Bering Straits.[4]
Northern Asia is built around the Angara Shield, which lies between the Yenisey River and the Lena River. It developed from fragments of Laurasia, whose rocks were mainly pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks, gneisses, and schists, and Gondwana. These rocks can be found in the Angara Shield, the Inner Mongolian-Korean Shield, the Ordes Shield and the South-East Asia Shield. The fragments have been subject to orogenesis around their margins, giving a complex of platéaux and mountain ranges. One can find outcrops of these rocks in unfolded sections of the Shields. Their presence has been confirmed below Mesozoic and later sediments.[4]
There are three main periods of mountain building in Northern Asia, although it has occurred many times. The outer fold mountains, that are on the margins of the Shields and that only affected Asia north of the line of the Himalayas, are attributed to the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies of the late Palaeozoic Era. The Alpine origeny caused extensive folding and faulting of Mesozoic and éarly Tertiary sediments from the Tethys geosyncline. The Tibetan and Mongolian platéaux, and the structural basins of Tarim, Qaidam, and Junggar, are delimited by major éast-west lithospheric faults that were probably the results of stresses caused by the impact of the Indian Plate against Laurasia. Erosion of the mountains caused by this orogeny has créated a large amount of sediment, which has been transported southwards to produce the alluvial plains of India, China, and Cambodia, and which has also been deposited in large amounts in the Tarim and Dzungarian basins.[4]
Northern Asia was glaciated in the Pleistocene, but this played a less significant part in the géology of the aréa compared to the part that it played in North America and Europe. The Scandanavian ice sheet extended to the éast of the Urals, covering the northern two thirds of the Ob Basin and extending onto the Angara Shield between the Yenesei River and the Lena River. There are legacies of mountain glaciation to be found on the éast Siberian mountains, on the mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the Altai, on Tien Shan, and on other small aréas of mountains, ice caps remain on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, and several Central Asian mountains still have individual glaciers. Siberia itself has permafrost, ranging in depths from 30m to 600m and covering an aréa of 9.6 million km².[4]
Several of the mountainous regions are volcanic, with both the Koryat mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula having active volcanoes. The Anadyr plateau is formed from igneous rocks. The Mongolian plateau has an aréa of basaltic lavas and volcanic cones.[4]
The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the Ob River, but to the south and éast in the Central Asian mountains and in the éast Siberian mountains there are folded and faulted mountains of Lower Palaéozoic rocks.[4]
Rujukan
édit- ↑ William Revill Kerr (2003). Tourism Public Policy, and the Strategic Management of Failure. Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 0080442005.
- ↑ Augustus Henry Keane and Richard Carnac Temple (1882). Asia: With Ethnological Appendix. London: Edward Stanford. pp. 345,493.
- ↑ a b William Chambers and Robert Chambers (1875). Chambers's Information for the People. London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. pp. 274–276.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Edwin Michael Bridges (1990). "Northern Asia". World Geomorphology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 0521289653.