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At whatever scale, politics is the rather imperfect way that people coordinate individual actions for mutual (or strictly personal) gain. What distinguishes the '''political''' from the [[ethical]] or merely [[social]] is a much-debated question. Most theorists would acknowledge that to be political, a process has to involve at least some potential for use of force or violence - politics is about conflict that is about much more than theory and fashion. To win a political conflict always implies that one has taken power away from one [[group-entity|group or faction]] to give it to another. Most would also acknowledge that political conflict can easily degrade to [[zero-sum game]]s, with little learned or settled by conflict other than "who won and who lost":
[[Lenin]] said politics was about "who could do what to whom" ([[Russian language|Russian]] "[[Kto-Kogo]]" for "Who-Whom"). As political scientist [[Harold Lasswell]] said, politics is "who gets what, when and how." It also concerns how we resolve moral conflicts that are sufficiently serious that they constitute a risk of social disruption - in which case commitment to a common process of [[arbitration]] or [[diplomacy]] tends to reduce [[violence]] - usually viewed as a key goal of [[civilization]]. [[Bernard Crick]] is a major theorist of this view and also of the idea that politics is itself simply "[[ethics]] done in public", where public institutions can agree, disagree, or intervene to achieve a desirable culmination or comprehensive (process) result.
In addition to [[government]], [[journalism|journalists]],
[[religion|religious groups]], [[special interest]] groups, and [[economics|economic]] systems and conditions may all have influence on decisions. Therefore, politics touches on all these subjects.
The word itself is coined from the Greek word for city, "Polis", hence the term 'Politics'. The first expression of what Politics means is found in [[Hesoid]] where it is quoted, "How would men best dwell in cities, and with what observances?". (1) Paraphrased, it would read, "How shall man order his ways?". For the Greeks, it was the application of reason to life. Politics is an ordering of society by reason of attainment to some goal; such as harmony among the social classes as in [[Athens]] under [[Solon]], or business and commerce, or for war such as the Doric Communities of [[Crete]] and [[Sparta]].
[[Authors]] of studies of politics have both reflected and influenced the political systems of the world. [[Niccolo Machiavelli]] wrote [[The Prince]], an analysis of politics in a [[monarchy]], in 1513, while living in a monarchy. [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] published "[[The Communist Manifesto]]" in [[1848]], a widely-read and highly influential pamphlet that formed the basis for Socialism and Communism throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Today, much study of politics focuses on [[democracy|democracies]], and how their form affects the decisions they make.
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*what is [[the purpose of government]]?
*is there any possible empirical or more [[formal method for evaluating and quantifying ethicality and morality of human actions]] that could augment or replace [[religion]] or [[authority]] or political contention in deciding what political leaders "should" do?
*is there an objective way to evaluate the quality of a decision, policy, leader or [[political party|party]]?
These are ongoing debates that are millennia old.
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[[Plato]] | [[Aristotle]] | [[Thucydides]] | [[Cicero]] | [[Saint Augustine]] | [[Thomas Aquinas]]
== Modern political theorists ==
[[Nicolo Machiavelli]] | [[John Calvin]] | [[Martin Luther]] | [[Baruch Spinoza]] | [[Jean Bodin]] | [[Thomas Hobbes]] | [[John Locke]] | [[David Hume]] | [[Adam Smith]] | [[Jeremy Bentham]] | [[the Federalist Papers]] | [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] | [[Immanuel Kant]] | [[G.W.F. Hegel]] | [[Johann Gottfried von Herder]] | [[Alexis deTocqueville]] | [[John Stuart Mill]] | [[Karl Marx]] | [[Friedrich Engels]] | [[Max Weber]] | [[Lenin]]
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