Kokain



Kokain
Ngaran sistimatik (IUPAC)
métil (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (bénzoiloksi)-8-métil-8-azabisiklo[3.2.1] oktana-2-karboksilat
Identifiers
Nomer CAS	50-36-2
Sandi ATC	N01BC01 R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02
PubChem	5760
DrugBank	APRD00080
ChemSpider	5557
Data kimia
Rumus	C₁₇H₂₁N O₄
Mass. mol.	303.353 g/mol
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Synonyms	métilbénzoilékgonin, bénzoilmétilékgonin
Data fisika
Titik lééh	195 °C (383 °F)
Kelarutan dina Cai	1800 mg/mL (20 °C)
Data farmakokinetik
Bioavailabilitas	Oral: 33%^[1] Insufflated: 60^[2]–80%^[3] Nasal Spray: 25^[4]–43%^[1]
Metabolisme	CYP3A4 hépatik
Waktu paruh	1 jam
Eksresi	Rénal (bénzoilékgonin jeung ékgonin métil éster)
Therapeutic considerations
Kat. kehamilan	?
Legal status
Dependence Liability	Luhur
Jalur	Topikal, Oral, Insuflasi, IV, PO

Kokain (bénzoilmétilékgonin) nyaéta alkaloid tropana kristalin nu diala tina daun dua spésiés koka pituin Amérika Kidul: Erythroxylum coca jeung Erythroxylum novogranatense.^[5]^[6]^[7] Ngaran 'kokain' dicokot tina ngaran tangkalna ditambah ahiran alkaloid -in (-ina, numutkeun aturan baku), jadi kokain. Ieu alkaloid téh stimulan sistem saraf puseur, hususna salaku inhibitor reuptake dopamin, norépinéfrin, jeung serotonin. ku sabab mangaruhan jalur reward mésolimbik, kokain jadi matak nyandu^[8].

kokain tré tré bon pouir toi

Watesan

Produksi, distribusi, jeung jual-beuli produk kokain diwates pisan (lolobana mah kaasup ilégal). Sababaraha nagara, kayaning Péru jeung Bolivia ngawenangkeun tatanén daun koka pikeun konsumsi tradisional ku masarakat pituin. Di Éropah jeung Australia, kokain olahan diwenangkeun pikeun kaperluan kadokteran.

Pamaké

Numutkeun laporan PBB taun 2007, kokain panglobana dipaké di Spanyol (3,0% ti jalma sawawa)^[9]. Nagara séjén anu pamakéanana sahanteuna 1,5% nyaéta AS (2,8%), Inggris (2,4%), Kanada (2,3%), Italia (2,1%), Bolivia (1,9%), Cili (1,8%), jeung Skotlandia (1,5%)^[9].

Baca ogé

Rujukan

Cocaine (dicutat 16 Séptémber 2009)

↑ ^a ^b Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. PMID 10954344.
↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol 3 (2-3): 353–66. PMID 7242115.
↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204. http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2565204.
↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. PMID 7357795.
↑ "The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860–1910". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84 (4): 329–353. June 1982. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x.
↑ "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry 19 (33): 5647–57. 2012. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.
↑ Johnson, E. L. (22 Sep 2008). "Alkaloid Content in Two Erythroxylum Taxa During Juvenile Growth and Development". J. Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. doi:10.1300/J044v10n02_06. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J044v10n02_06.
↑ Fattore L, Piras G, Corda MG, Giorgi O (April 2009). "The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration". Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (5): 1091–101. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.43. PMID 18418365.
↑ ^a ^b World Drug Report 2007 (PDF), New York: United Nations, 2007 , k. 243.

Tumbu kaluar

Cocaine in Egyptian Mummies
EMCDDA drugs profile: Cocaine(2007)
Erowid -> Cocaine Information — Kumpulan data ngeunaan dosis, pangaruh, kimia, status hukum, gambar, jeung sajabana
Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.
Cocaine content of plants
Cocaine - The History and the Risks at h2g2
Cocaine Frequently Asked Questions
Cocaine users are destroying the rainforest - at 4 square metres a gram | World news | The Guardian

Artikel ieu mangrupa taratas, perlu disampurnakeun. Upami sadérék uninga langkung paos perkawis ieu, dihaturan kanggo ngalengkepan.

[fattinger2000-1] Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. PMID 10954344.

[2] Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol 3 (2-3): 353–66. PMID 7242115.

[3] Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204. http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2565204.

[4] Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. PMID 7357795.

[5] "The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860–1910". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84 (4): 329–353. June 1982. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x.

[Pom2012-6] "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry 19 (33): 5647–57. 2012. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.

[7] Johnson, E. L. (22 Sep 2008). "Alkaloid Content in Two Erythroxylum Taxa During Juvenile Growth and Development". J. Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. doi:10.1300/J044v10n02_06. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J044v10n02_06.

[8] Fattore L, Piras G, Corda MG, Giorgi O (April 2009). "The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration". Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (5): 1091–101. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.43. PMID 18418365.

[unodc-9] World Drug Report 2007 (PDF), New York: United Nations, 2007 , k. 243.

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