Paku tihang beureum
Paku tihang beureum ; Alsophila nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan paku anu asalna tina kulawarga Cyatheaceae.[1] Éta ogé parantos dianggap bagéan tina genus Cyathea. Alsophila ayeuna dipisahkeun sareng genera anu sanés dina kulawarga Cyatheaceae utamina dumasar kana filogénetik molekular.[1][2]
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Paku tihang beureum | |
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Alsophila capensis | |
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Missing taxonomy template (fix): | Alsophila (plant) |
Ciri mandiri
éditSpésiés Alsophila tangkalna ajeg ka luhur tur henteu mibanda dahan, ilaharna mingkin ka luhur tangkalna mingkin ngaleutikan. Palapah daunna baradag, kitu deui gagangna .[3]
Anu ngabédakeun Alsophila jeung Sphaeropteris tayalian ukuran gagangna, sareng rambut apikal atanapi tulang tonggong (seta), teu sapertos Cyathea. Hiasan spora ogé ngabédakeun Alsophila sareng Cyathea .[4][5]
Taksonomi
éditGenus Alsophila mimiti diguar ku Robert Brown taun 1810.[6] Éta ditempatkeun dina kulawarga Cyatheaceae.[1] Babagian kulawarga turta genera ieu parantos ngagaduhan sajarah anu panjang sareng parobahan/kontroversial.[5] Tilu atanapi opat clade diusulkeun dumasar kana filogénetik molekular. Klasifikasi Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group klasifikasi 2016 (PPG I) nampi tilu genera, nempatkeun Gymnosphaera clade dina Alsophila .[1] Dina taun 2018, Dong jeung Zuo ngusulkeun hubungan anu dipidangkeun dina cladogram di handap, sareng nyayogikeun nami-nami dina Gymnosphaera pikeun spésiés anu dianggapna kagolong kana genus ieu.[7]
Cyatheaceae |
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Sumber anu langkung lami, sapertos ngadaptar Organisasi New Zealand taun (2004), nempatkeun Alsophila dina jero anu ditetepkeun sacara umum Cyathea .[8][9]
Spésiés
éditGolongan. Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) bagéan tina genus Alsophila kalawan mibanda 275 spésiés.[1] , Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World nempatkeun spésiés :[10]
- Alsophila abbottii (syn. Cyathea abbottii)
- Alsophila acanthophora (syn. Cyathea acanthophora)
- Alsophila acaulis (syn. Cyathea hancockii)
- Alsophila acrostichoides (syn. Cyathea acrostichoides)
- Alsophila acuminata (syn. Cyathea acuminata)
- Alsophila acutula
- Alsophila albida
- Alsophila alderwereltii (syn. Cyathea alderwereltii)
- Alsophila alleniae (syn. Cyathea alleniae)
- Alsophila alpina (syn. Cyathea alpicola)
- Alsophila alta
- Alsophila alternans
- Alsophila alticola
- Alsophila amboinensis (syn. Cyathea amboinensis)
- Alsophila andersonii (syn. Cyathea andersonii)
- Alsophila andohahelensis
- Alsophila aneitensis (syn. Cyathea aneitensis)
- Alsophila angiensis
- Alsophila annae (syn. Cyathea annae)
- Alsophila apiculata (syn. Cyathea apiculata)
- Alsophila apoensis (syn. Cyathea apoensis)
- Alsophila appendiculata
- Alsophila approximata (syn. Cyathea approximata)
- Alsophila archboldii (syn. Cyathea archboldii)
- Alsophila atropurpurea (syn. Cyathea atropurpurea)
- Alsophila auneae (syn. Cyathea pubescens)
- Alsophila auriculata
- Alsophila australis (syn. Cyathea australis)
- Alsophila austroyunnanensis
- Alsophila baileyana (syn. Cyathea baileyana)
- Alsophila balanocarpa (syn. Cyathea balanocarpa)
- Alsophila basirotundata
- Alsophila batjanensis (syn. Cyathea batjanensis)
- Alsophila bellisquamata
- Alsophila biformis (syn. Cyathea biformis)
- Alsophila binayana
- Alsophila bisquamata
- Alsophila boiviniiformis
- Alsophila borbonica
- Alsophila borneensis (syn. Cyathea borneensis)
- Alsophila × boytelii
- Alsophila brausei (syn. Cyathea hunsteiniana)
- Alsophila brevipinna (syn. Cyathea brevipinna)
- Alsophila brooksii (syn. Cyathea brooksii)
- Alsophila bryophila (syn. Cyathea bryophila)
- Alsophila buennemeijeri
- Alsophila bullata
- Alsophila callosa (syn. Cyathea callosa)
- Alsophila camerooniana (syn. Cyathea camerooniana)
- Alsophila capensis (syn. Cyathea capensis)
- Alsophila catillifera (syn. Cyathea catillifera)
- Alsophila caudata (syn. Cyathea caudata)
- Alsophila celebica
- Alsophila celsa
- Alsophila cincinnata (syn. Cyathea cincinnata)
- Alsophila cinerea (syn. Cyathea cinerea)
- Alsophila coactilis (syn. Cyathea coactilis)
- Alsophila colensoi (syn. Cyathea colensoi)
- Alsophila commutata (syn. Cyathea recommutata)
- Alsophila conantiana
- Alsophila conferta
- Alsophila confinis
- Alsophila costalisora (syn. Cyathea costalisora)
- Alsophila coursii
- Alsophila crenulata (syn. Cyathea raciborskii)
- Alsophila crinita
- Alsophila cubensis
- Alsophila cucullifera (syn. Cyathea cucullifera)
- Alsophila cunninghamii (syn. Cyathea cunninghamii)
- Alsophila cuspidata (syn. Cyathea cuspidata)
- Alsophila dealbata (syn. Cyathea dealbata, silver fern)
- Alsophila deckenii (syn. Cyathea deckenii)
- Alsophila decrescens (syn. Cyathea decrescens)
- Alsophila dicksonioides (syn. Cyathea dicksonioides)
- Alsophila dilatata
- Alsophila dimorpha (syn. Cyathea dimorpha)
- Alsophila doctersii (syn. Cyathea doctersii)
- Alsophila dregei (syn. Cyathea dregei)
- Alsophila dryopteroides (syn. Cyathea dryopteroides)
- Alsophila edanoi (syn. Cyathea edanoi)
- Alsophila elata
- Alsophila emilei
- Alsophila engelii (syn. Cyathea elongata)
- Alsophila erinacea (syn. Cyathea erinacea)
- Alsophila eriophora (syn. Cyathea eriophora)
- Alsophila esmeraldensis
- Alsophila everta (syn. Cyathea everta)
- Alsophila excavata (syn. Cyathea excavata)
- Alsophila × fagildei
- Alsophila fenicis (syn. Cyathea fenicis)
- Alsophila ferdinandii (syn. Cyathea macarthurii)
- Alsophila ferruginea (syn. Cyathea ferruginea)
- Alsophila firma (syn. Cyathea mexicana)
- Alsophila foersteri (syn. Cyathea foersteri)
- Alsophila fulgens (syn. Cyathea fulgens)
- Alsophila fuliginosa (syn. Cyathea fuliginosa)
- Alsophila gastonyi
- Alsophila geluensis (syn. Cyathea geluensis)
- Alsophila gigantea (syn. Cyathea gigantea)
- Alsophila glaberrima (syn. Cyathea glaberrima)
- Alsophila glabra (syn. Cyathea glabra)
- Alsophila glaucifolia
- Alsophila gleichenioides (syn. Cyathea gleichenioides)
- Alsophila grangaudiana
- Alsophila gregaria (syn. Cyathea gregaria)
- Alsophila grevilleana (syn. Cyathea grevilleana)
- Alsophila halconensis (syn. Cyathea halconensis)
- Alsophila havilandii (syn. Cyathea havilandii)
- Alsophila hebes
- Alsophila henryi (syn. Cyathea henryi)
- Alsophila hermannii (syn. Cyathea christii)
- Alsophila heterochlamydea (syn. Cyathea heterochlamydea)
- Alsophila hooglandii (syn. Cyathea hooglandii)
- Alsophila hookeri (syn. Cyathea hookeri)
- Alsophila hornei (syn. Cyathea hornei)
- Alsophila horridula (syn. Cyathea horridula)
- Alsophila hotteana (syn. Cyathea hotteana)
- Alsophila humbertiana
- Alsophila humilis (syn. Cyathea humilis)
- Alsophila hyacinthei
- Alsophila hymenodes (syn. Cyathea hymenodes)
- Alsophila imbricata (syn. Cyathea imbricata)
- Alsophila impolita
- Alsophila imrayana (syn. Cyathea imrayana)
- Alsophila incana (syn. Cyathea incana)
- Alsophila incisoserrata (syn. Cyathea incisoserrata)
- Alsophila inquinans (syn. Cyathea inquinans)
- Alsophila insulana (syn. Cyathea insulana)
- Alsophila isaloensis
- Alsophila javanica (syn. Cyathea javanica)
- Alsophila jimeneziana (syn. Cyathea crassa)
- Alsophila junghuhniana (syn. Cyathea junghuhniana)
- Alsophila katoi
- Alsophila kermadecensis (syn. Cyathea kermadecensis)
- Alsophila khasyana (syn. Cyathea khasyana)
- Alsophila kirkii
- Alsophila klossii (syn. Cyathea klossii)
- Alsophila lamoureuxii
- Alsophila lastii
- Alsophila latebrosa (syn. Cyathea latebrosa)
- Alsophila latipinnula (syn. Cyathea latipinnula)
- Alsophila leichhardtiana
- Alsophila lepidoclada (syn. Cyathea lepidoclada)
- Alsophila lepifera
- Alsophila leptochlamys
- Alsophila ligulata
- Alsophila lilianiae (syn. Cyathea kanéhirae)
- Alsophila lisyae
- Alsophila loerzingii (syn. Cyathea loerzingii)
- Alsophila loheri (syn. Cyathea loheri)
- Alsophila longipes (syn. Cyathea longipes)
- Alsophila longipinnata
- Alsophila longispina
- Alsophila lurida (syn. Cyathea lurida)
- Alsophila macgillivrayi (syn. Cyathea macgillivrayi)
- Alsophila macgregorii (syn. Cyathea macgregorii)
- Alsophila macropoda (syn. Cyathea macropoda)
- Alsophila magnifolia (syn. Cyathea magnifolia)
- Alsophila major
- Alsophila manniana (syn. Cyathea manniana)
- Alsophila mapahuwensis
- Alsophila marattioides (syn. Cyathea marattioides)
- Alsophila × marcescens (syn. Cyathea × marcescens)
- Alsophila masapilidensis (syn. Cyathea masapilidensis)
- Alsophila matitanensis (syn. Cyathea madagascarica)
- Alsophila media (syn. Cyathea media)
- Alsophila medinae (syn. Cyathea × medinae)
- Alsophila melleri
- Alsophila meridionalis
- Alsophila mesosora (syn. Cyathea mesosora)
- Alsophila metteniana (syn. Cyathea metteniana)
- Alsophila microchlamys (syn. Cyathea microchlamys)
- Alsophila microphylloides (syn. Cyathea microphylloides)
- Alsophila mildbraedii (syn. Cyathea mildbraedii)
- Alsophila milnei (syn. Cyathea milnei)
- Alsophila minervae
- Alsophila minor (syn. Cyathea minor)
- Alsophila modesta (syn. Cyathea modesta)
- Alsophila montana (syn. Cyathea costulisora)
- Alsophila mossambicensis (syn. Cyathea mossambicensis)
- Alsophila mostellaria
- Alsophila muelleri (syn. Cyathea muelleri)
- Alsophila murkelensis
- Alsophila negrosiana (syn. Cyathea negrosiana)
- Alsophila nicklesii (syn. Cyathea nicklesii)
- Alsophila nigrolineata (syn. Cyathea nigrolineata)
- Alsophila nigropaleata (syn. Cyathea nigropaleata)
- Alsophila nilgirensis (syn. Cyathea nilgirensis)
- Alsophila nockii (syn. Cyathea nockii)
- Alsophila obtecta
- Alsophila obtusiloba (syn. Cyathea obtusiloba)
- Alsophila odonelliana
- Alsophila ogurae (syn. Cyathea ogurae)
- Alsophila ohaensis
- Alsophila oinops (syn. Cyathea oinops)
- Alsophila oosora (syn. Cyathea oosora)
- Alsophila orientalis (syn. Cyathea orientalis)
- Alsophila orthogonalis
- Alsophila pachyrrhachis (syn. Cyathea pachyrrhachis)
- Alsophila pacifica
- Alsophila pallidipaleata (syn. Cyathea pallidipaleata)
- Alsophila patellifera (syn. Cyathea patellifera)
- Alsophila percrassa (syn. Cyathea percrassa)
- Alsophila perpelvigera (syn. Cyathea perpelvigera)
- Alsophila perpunctulata (syn. Cyathea perpunctulata)
- Alsophila perrieriana (syn. Cyathea perrieriana)
- Alsophila phlebodes
- Alsophila physolepidota (syn. Cyathea physolepidota)
- Alsophila pilosula
- Alsophila plagiostegia (syn. Cyathea plagiostegia)
- Alsophila podophylla (syn. Cyathea podophylla)
- Alsophila polycarpa (syn. Cyathea polycarpa)
- Alsophila polystichoides (syn. Cyathea polystichoides)
- Alsophila poolii
- Alsophila portoricensis (syn. Cyathea portoricensis)
- Alsophila pruinosa (syn. Cyathea pruinosa)
- Alsophila pseudobellisquamara
- Alsophila pseudomuelleri (syn. Cyathea pseudomuelleri)
- Alsophila punctulata (syn. Cyathea punctulata)
- Alsophila pycnoneura (syn. Cyathea pycnoneura)
- Alsophila quadrata
- Alsophila ramispina (syn. Cyathea ramispina)
- Alsophila ramispinoides
- Alsophila rebeccae (syn. Cyathea rebeccae)
- Alsophila recurvata (syn. Cyathea recurvata)
- Alsophila rigens (syn. Cyathea rigens)
- Alsophila rolandii
- Alsophila roroka
- Alsophila rosenstockii (syn. Cyathea ascendens)
- Alsophila rouhaniana
- Alsophila rubella (syn. Cyathea rubella)
- Alsophila rubiginosa (syn. Cyathea rubiginosa)
- Alsophila rufopannosa (syn. Cyathea rufopannosa)
- Alsophila rupestris (syn. Cyathea rupestris)
- Alsophila saccata (syn. Cyathea saccata)
- Alsophila salletii (syn. Cyathea salletii)
- Alsophila salvinii (syn. Cyathea salvinii)
- Alsophila scandens (syn. Cyathea scandens)
- Alsophila schlechteri (syn. Cyathea schlechteri)
- Alsophila schliebenii (syn. Cyathea fadenii)
- Alsophila sechellarum (syn. Cyathea sechellarum)
- Alsophila semiamplectens (syn. Cyathea semiamplectens)
- Alsophila serratifolia (syn. Cyathea serratifolia)
- Alsophila setosa (syn. Cyathea setosa)
- Alsophila setulosa (syn. Cyathea setulosa)
- Alsophila similis
- Alsophila simulans
- Alsophila sinuata (syn. Cyathea sinuata)
- Alsophila smithii (syn. Cyathea smithii)
- Alsophila societarum
- Alsophila solomonensis (syn. Cyathea solomonensis)
- Alsophila spinulosa (syn. Cyathea spinulosa)
- Alsophila stelligera
- Alsophila sternbergii
- Alsophila subdubia (syn. Cyathea subdubia)
- Alsophila subtripinnata (syn. Cyathea subtripinnata)
- Alsophila sumatrana (syn. Cyathea sumatrana)
- Alsophila tanzaniana (syn. Cyathea schliebenii)
- Alsophila tenuis (syn. Cyathea tenuicaulis)
- Alsophila ternatea (syn. Cyathea ternatea)
- Alsophila thomsonii (syn. Cyathea thomsonii)
- Alsophila tryoniana (syn. Cyathea tryoniana)
- Alsophila tsaratananensis
- Alsophila tsilotsilensis (syn. Cyathea tsilotsilensis)
- Alsophila tussacii (syn. Cyathea tussacii)
- Alsophila tuyamae
- Alsophila urbanii (syn. Cyathea urbanii)
- Alsophila valdesquamata
- Alsophila vandeusenii (syn. Cyathea vandeusenii)
- Alsophila veitchii
- Alsophila vieillardii (syn. Cyathea vieillardii)
- Alsophila viguieri
- Alsophila walkerae (syn. Cyathea walkerae)
- Alsophila weidenbrueckii
- Alsophila welwitschii (syn. Cyathea welwitschii)
- Alsophila wengiensis (syn. Cyathea wengiensis)
- Alsophila woodwardioides (syn. Cyathea woodwardioides)
- Alsophila woollsiana (syn. Cyathea woollsiana)
- Alsophila zakamenensis (syn. Cyathea zakamenensis
Sebaran sareng habitat
éditGenus Alsophila ieu, loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon tropis aya ogé di subtropis, ti Amérika Kalér sareng Kidul, ngaliwatan Afrika, Madagaskar sareng tropis Asia, ka wétan Australasia dugi ka kidul dugi ka subantarctic kapuloan Auckland.[11][3] Éta aya di leuweung montane anu beueus, di lamping atanapi di jurang, janten bagian tina kanopi handap, tengah, understorey atanapi lapisan luhur taneuh.[3]
Budidaya
éditAlsophila spésiés sadayana meryogikeun lingkungan tiris atanapi ampir teu aya dina ibun, beueus sacara permanén , kaayaan kaiuhan. Anu parantos dipelak di Éropa di luar habitat asalna kaasup A. australis, A. cunninghamii, A. dealbata, A. leichhardtiana and A. rebeccae.[12] Spésiés séjén dipelak di daérah asalna. Di Australia, A. australis ilahar dipelak sareng mangrupa spésiés anu kuat, kuat kapanasan salami aya dina taneuh anu beueus.[13] A. dregei mangrupikeun pepelakan kebon anu kawentar di Afrika Kidul, ieu tutuwuhan dikumpulkeun ti alam liar sahingga sering kajantenan ieu tutuwuhan tumpur di sababaraha daérah.[14]
Kabudayaan
éditAlsophila dealbata Parantos janten hiji lambang anu dipiwanoh ku balaréa di New Zealand, sanaos sanés lambang pejabat nasional.[15]
Dina taun 1971 pilem komedi A New Leaf, Henrietta Lowell (salaku Elaine May) tayalian ahli tutuwuhan anu impianana pikeun ngaguar sarta ngantétkeun pirang-pirang spésiés pakis anyar. Dina hiji mangsa, anjeunna memang mendakan spésiés énggal anu namina Alsophila grahami ieu dicokot tina ngaran salakina "Henry Graham" sarta ngaguar rupa-rupa ciri mandirina.
Dicutat tina
édit- ↑ a b c d e f PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
- ↑ Heyne, K. (1913). DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË. Library New York Botanical Garden: RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA. p. 151. Diakses tanggal (disungsi) 10 Mei 2021.
- ↑ a b c Zhang, Xianchun; Nishida, Harufumi. "Alsophila". Di Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H.; Hong, Deyuan. Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27. Archived 2012-05-01 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Weigand, Anna; Lehnert, Marcus (2016), "The scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) of Brazil", Acta Botanica Brasilica 30 (3): 336–350, doi:10.1590/0102-33062016abb0065
- ↑ a b Korall, Petra; Conant, David S.; Metzgar, Jordan S.; Schneider, Harald; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae)". American Journal of Botany 94 (5): 873–886. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.5.873. PMID 21636456. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51186907. Diakses pada 2019-08-22.
- ↑ "Alsophila R.Br.". The International Plant Names Index. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27.
- ↑ Dong, Shi-Yong; Zuo, Zheng-Yu (2018). "On the Recognition of Gymnosphaera As a Distinct Genus in Cyatheaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 103 (1): 1–23. doi:10.3417/2017049.
- ↑ "Alsophila R.Br.", NZOR New Zealand Organisms Register, October 2000, diakses tanggal 2019-09-27
- ↑ Large, Mark F.; Braggins, John E. (2004). Tree Ferns. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-630-9.
- ↑ Hassler, Michael; Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World 8 (2). Diakses tanggal 2019-08-21. Archived 2017-09-02 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Alsophila R.Br.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-27.
- ↑ Walters, S.M.; Brady, A.; Brickell, C.D.; Cullen, J.; Green, P.S.; Lewis, J.; Matthews, V.A.; Webb, D.A.; Yeo, P.F.; Alexander, J.C.M., ed. (1986), "Alsophila", European Garden Flora 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 35, ISBN 978-0-521-76147-5
- ↑ "Cyathea australis, Cyathea cooperi", Growing Native Plants (Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research), diakses tanggal 2019-09-27
- ↑ Masinga, Nonhlanhla; Nduli, Luckyboy; Skhosana, Mlondi; Notten, Alice (November 2018), "Alsophila dregei ", PlantZAfrica.com, diakses tanggal 2019-09-27
- ↑ "Government and nation - National animal and flower". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (3 March 2009).