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Honda

Ieu artikel eusina ngeunaan the multinational corporation. Pikeun kagunaan séjén mah, tempo Honda (disambiguasi).

Honda Motor Company, Ltd. (本田技研工業株式会社 Honda Giken Kōgyō KK?, IPA: [honꜜda] ( dangukeun); /[invalid input: 'icon']ˈhɒndə/) nyaéta pausahaan publik multinasional Jepang utamana dipikawanoh minangka produsén mobil jeung motor.

Honda Motor Company, Ltd.
RupaPublic company
Simbol sahamTYO: 7267
NYSE: HMC
IndustriAutomotive
Aviation
Telematics
NgadegHamamatsu, Japan (24 Séptémber 1948 (1948-09-24))
Nu ngadegkeunSoichiro Honda
Takeo Fujisawa
MarkasMinato, Tokyo, Japan
Daérah layananWorldwide
Jalmi pentingTakanobu Ito (President, CEO and Representative Director)
ProdukAutomobiles
Motorcycles
Scooters
Electrical generators
Water pumps
Lawn and garden equipments
Tillers
Outboard motors
Robotics
Jet aircrafts
Jet engines
Thin-film solar cells
Internavi
Pamasukan Citakan:Yen (2012)[1]
Laba usaha Citakan:Yen (2012)[1]
Laba bersih Citakan:Yen (2012)[1]
Jumlah asétCitakan:Gain Citakan:Yen (2012)[1]
Jumlah ékuitas Citakan:Yen (2012)[1]
Pagawé179,060 (2012)[2]
DivisiHonda
Honda Motorcycles
Anak pausahaan
Ramatlokaworld.honda.com

Honda geus jadi produsén sapédah motor pangbadagna di dunya saprak taun 1959,[3][4] sarta pangbadagna sadunya produsén internal combustion engines diukur dumasar volume, mroduksi leuwih ti 14 juta mesin pembakaran internal saban taun.[5] Honda ngéléhkeun Nissan taun 2001 pikeun jadi produsén mobil pangbadagna kadua di Jepang.[6][7] Agustus 2008, Honda ngéléhkeun Chrysler minangka produsén mobil pangbadagna kaopat di Amérika Sarikat.[8] Honda nyaéta produsén mobil pangbadagna katujuh di dunya di tukangeun Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen AG, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford, ssarta Nissan taun 2010.[rujukan?]

Honda nyaéta produsén mobil kahiji Jepang pikeun ngarilis hiji mérek mentéréng berdedikasi, Acura, taun 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Sajaba ti bisnis inti mobil sarta sapédah motor maranéhanana, Honda ogé mroduksi parabot taman, mesin kalautan, parahu pribadi sarta pambangkit listrik. Saprak taun 1986, Honda geus kalibet kalayan kecerdasan jieunan / panalungtikan robotika sarta ngarilis robot ASIMO taun 2000. Maranéhanana ogé geus ngalalana ka rohang jomantara kalayan ngawangun GE Honda Aero Engines taun 2004 sarta Honda HA-420 HondaJet, dijadwalkeun baris dirilis taun 2012. Honda berinvestasi kira-kira 5% tina pandapatan dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.[9]

Sajarah

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Ti keur ngora, pangadeg Honda, Soichiro Honda (本田 宗一郎, Honda Sōichirō) (17 Nopember 1906 – 5 Agustus 1991) mibanda minat kana mobil. Manéhna digawé minangka montir di bengkel Shokai Art, di mana manéhna ngahadéan mobil-mobil sarta maranéhanana diilukeun dina balapan. Taun 1937, kalayan waragad ti saurang kawawuhan, Kato Shichirō, Honda ngawangun Tōkai Seiki (éastern Séa Precision Machine Company) pikeun nyieun piston rings sarta kaluar ti béngkél Art Shokai.[10] Sanggeus kagagalan mimiti, Tōkai Seiki meunang kontrak pikeun masok ring piston pikeun Toyota, tapi kontrak dieureunkeun alatan goréngna kualitas produk maranéhanana.[10] Sanggeus ngaluuhan sakola téknik, teu junun, sarta ngadatangan pabrik-pabrik di sakumna Jepang pikeun leuwih nyurtian kualitas kontrol prosés Toyota, Honda mampuh, taun 1941, kalayan ngahasilkeun ring piston ditarima ku Toyota, ngagunakeun prosés otomatis anu bisa ngagawékeun buruh perang sanajan teu calakan .[10][11]

Tōkai Seiki ditempatkeun di handapeun kadali Departemen Perdagangan sarta Industri (disebut Departemén Mesiu sanggeus 1943) dina mimiti Perang Dunya II, sarta Soichiro Honda diturunkeun ti présidén pikeun direktur manager sénior sanggeus Toyota meuli 40% saham ti pausahaan. .[10] Honda ogé mantuan usaha perang kalayan mantuan pausahaan séjén dina ngaotomatisasi produksi kolécér pasawat militér.[10] Hubungan Honda dironjatkeun kalayan personil di Toyota. Nakajima Aircraft Company sarta Imperial Japanese Navy baris jadi instrumén dina période pascaperanng.[10] Serangan pasawat bomber US B-29 ngancurkeun Yamashita nu Tōkai Seiki taun 1944, sarta pabrik Itawa runtuh ku gempa bumi Mikawa 1945, sarta Soichiro Honda ngajual sésa-sésa pausahaan ka Toyota sanggeus perang saharga ¥450,000, sarta ngagunakeun hasilna pikeun ngadegkeun Honda Technical Research Institute bulan Oktober 1946.[10][12] Kalayan staf 12 jelema anu digawé dina gubug legana 172-square-foot (16.0 m2) , maranéhanana ngawangun sarta ngajual sapédah motor improvisasi, ngagunakeun kiriman 500 mesin two-stroke 50 cc Tohatsu sésa perang radio generator engines.[10][11][13] Sabot mesin béak, Honda mimiti ngawangun salinan maranéhanana sorangan tina mesin Tohatsu, sarta masok para langganan pikeun ngilukeun sapédah maranéhanana.[10][13] Ieu téh Honda Model A, katelahna Bata Bata pikeun sora mesin anu dijieun.[10] Sapédah motor kumplit kahiji, kalayan rangka alus sarta mesin anu dijieun ku Honda, taun 1949 Model D, Honda anu kahiji kalayan ngaran Dream .[12] Honda Motor Company tumuwuh dina waktu singget pikeun jadi produsén pangbadagna di dunya sapédah motor taun 1964.

Produksi mobil munggaran ti Honda nyaéta T360 Mini treuk, anu mimiti dijual dina bulan Agustus 1963..[14] Dirojong ku mesin bensin leutik 356 cc sagaris-4, éta diklasifikasikeun pajeg mobil murah Kei car.[15] Produksi mobil sport munggaran ti Honda nyaéta S500, anu dituturkeun ku produksi T360 dina bulan Oktober 1963.[16]

Salila sawatara dékadeu ka hareup, Honda digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun lini produk sarta ékspor ka nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya. Taun 1986, Honda suksés ngawanohkeun méré k Acura ka pasar Amérika dina usaha pikeun meunangkeun tempat di pasar kandaraan mentéréng. Taun 1991 Honda ngawanohkeun supercar Honda NSX , kandaraan monocoque munggaran anu sakabéh-aluminium anu ngagabungkeun V6 mid-engine kalayan timing variabel-valve .[17] Saterusna, taun 1995 ngadegkeun Honda Aircraft Company kalayan tujuan mroduksi pasawat jét Honda .[18]

Corporate profile and divisions

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Honda headquarters building in Minato, Tokyo

Honda is héadquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange, as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, Fukuoka, London, Paris and Switzerland.

The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zéaland, Malaysia, Indonésia, India, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan and Perú. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a yéar éarlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-yéar high against the dollar.[8]

Honda's Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Géographical Regions in 2007[19]

Géographic Region Total revenue (in millions of ¥)
Japan 1,681,190
North America 5,980,876
Europe 1,236,757
Asia 1,283,154
Others 905,163

American Honda Motor Company is based in Torrance, California. Honda Canada Inc. is héadquartered in Markham, Ontario,[20] their manufacturing division, Honda of Canada Manufacturing, is based in Alliston, Ontario. Honda has also créated joint ventures around the world, such as Honda Siel Cars and Hero Honda Motorcycles in India,[21] Guangzhou Honda and Dongfeng Honda in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and Honda Atlas in Pakistan.

Following the Japanese éarthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants.[rujukan?] The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2 day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It's thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period.

Leadership

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Name Yéars
Soichiro Honda 1948–1973
Kiyoshi Kawashima 1973–1983
Tadashi Kume 1983–1990
Nobuhiko Kawamoto 1990–1998
Hiroyuki Yoshino 1998–2004
Takeo Fukui 2004–2009
Takanobu Ito 2009—

Products

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Automobiles

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Pikeun a list of vehicles, tempo List of Honda vehicles.
 
2011 Honda Jazz (Indian rampart)
 
2008 Honda Accord (USA-Canada)
 
Eighth Generation Honda Civic (Asian Version)

Honda's global lineup consists of the Fit, Civic, Accord, Insight, CR-V, CR-Z, Legend and two versions of the Odyssey, one for North America, and a smaller vehicle sold internationally. An éarly proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda's lineup varies by country and may féature vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest Honda Odyssey minivan and the Ridgeline, Honda's first light-duty uni-body pickup truck. Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive modéls includes the Honda Civic five-door hatchback sold in Europe.

Honda's automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the Honda T360, a kei car truck built for the Japanese market.[22] This was followed by the two-door roadster, the Honda S500 also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the Honda L700. Honda's first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered Honda 1300 in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn't the first two-door hatchback built. That was the Honda N360, another Kei car that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appéared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the Honda Life that was water-cooled.

The Honda Life represented Honda's efforts in competing in the kei car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The Life StepVan had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appéars to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine, a large cargo aréa with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain.

As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing after World War II, where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had heritage before the war, it appéars that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic, have always employed front-wheel-drive powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the éarly 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the création of the first Japanese luxury chain Acura, and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the Honda NSX, which also introduced variable valve timing technology, Honda calls VTEC.

The Civic is a line of compact cars developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the Toyota Corolla, introduced in 1968, has been in production longer.[23] The Civic, along with the Accord and Prelude, comprised Honda's vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the modél lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more upmarket, and it currently slots between the Fit and Accord.

Honda produces Civic hybrid, a hybrid electric vehicle that competes with the Toyota Prius, and also produces the Insight and CR-Z.

In 2008, Honda incréased global production to meet demand for small cars and hybrids in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer minivans and sport utility vehicles as light truck sales fell.[24]

Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Yéar from Motor Trend magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won Car of the Year from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors.

It is reported that Honda plans to incréase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal yéar 2011, from 14.8% in previous yéar.[25]

Five of United States Environmental Protection Agency's top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five modéls are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight (53 mpg‑US or 4.4 L/100 km or 64 mpg‑imp combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF (46 mpg‑US or 5.1 L/100 km or 55 mpg‑imp combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX (43 mpg‑US or 5.5 L/100 km or 52 mpg‑imp combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid (42 mpg‑US or 5.6 L/100 km or 50 mpg‑imp combined), and 2010– Honda Insight (41 mpg‑US or 5.7 L/100 km or 49 mpg‑imp combined).[26] The ACEEE has also rated the Civic GX as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive yéars.[27]

Motorcycles

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Pikeun a list of motorcycle products, tempo List of Honda motorcycles.

Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955.[10] At its péak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.[10]

During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency Grey Advertising, Honda créated an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan "You meet the nicest people on a Honda." In contrast to the prevailing negative steréotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three yéars, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles.[11]

Taking Honda's story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market alréady occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda's strategy and the réasons for their success.[28]

The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, Boston Consulting Group (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from economies of scale and learning curve effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and scope.[29]

 
2004 Honda Super Cub

The second explanation was offered in 1984 by Richard Pascale, who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm's entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of "miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning" – in other words, Honda's success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy.[30] For example, Honda's initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300 cc. Honda's motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distanes of the US highways.[11] When the téam found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of San Francisco attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the Super Cub instéad.[11]

The most recent school of thought on Honda's strategy was put forward by Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad in 1989. Créating the concept of core competencies with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda's success was due to its focus on léadership in the technology of internal combustion engines.[31] For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda's entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a case study for téaching introductory strategy at business schools worldwide.[32]

Power equipment

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Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle).[33]
Honda power equipment réached record sales in 2007 with 6,4 million units.[34] By 2010 (Fiscal year ended 31 March) this figure had decréased to 4,7 million units.[35] Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008).[36]

Honda power equipment includes:

Engines

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Honda Outboard motor on a pontoon boat

Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the 2010 Indianapolis 500[37] and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic.[38]

Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a V8 for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American déalers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and Acuras), with American Honda reportedly sending one déaler a shipment of V8 beverages to silence them.[39] Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as réasons for the termination of this project.[40]

Robots

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ASIMO at Expo 2005

ASIMO is the part of Honda's Research & Development robotics program. It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with Honda E0 moving through the ensuing Honda E series and the Honda P series. Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centiméters tall, ASIMO resembles a small astronaut wéaring a backpack, and can walk on two feet in a manner resembling human locomotion, at up to 6 km/h (3.7 mph). ASIMO is the world's only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently.[41] However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase.

Honda's robot ASIMO (see below) as an R&D project brings together expertise to créate a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps. 2010 marks the yéar Honda has developed a machine capable of réading a user's brainwaves to move ASIMO. The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and néar-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface.[42]

Aircraft

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  Artikel utama: Honda HA-420 HondaJet.

Honda has also pioneered new technology in its HA-420 HondaJet, manufactured by its subsidiary Honda Aircraft Company, which allows new levels of reduced drag, incréased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs.[rujukan?]

Solar cells

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Honda's solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Héadquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; présidént and Céo: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of thin-film solar cells for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007.[43]

Mountain bikes

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  Tempo ogé: Honda RN-01 G-cross.

Honda has also built a downhill racing bicycle known as the Honda RN-01. It is not available for sale to the public. The key féature of this bike is the géarbox, which replaces the standard derailleur found on most bikes.

Honda has hired several péople to pilot the bike, among them Greg Minnaar. The téam is known as Téam G Cross Honda.

ATV

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  Tempo ogé: Honda Rincon.

Honda also builds all-terrain vehicles (ATV).

Motorsports

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Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others.

Automobile

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  Tempo ogé: Honda Racing F1.
 
Rubens Barrichello driving for Honda

Honda entered Formula One as a constructor for the first time in the 1964 season at the German Grand Prix with Ronnie Bucknum at the wheel. 1965 saw the addition of Richie Ginther to the téam, who scored Honda's first point at the Belgian Grand Prix, and Honda's first win at the Mexican Grand Prix. 1967 saw their next win at the Italian Grand Prix with John Surtees as their driver. In 1968, Jo Schlesser was killed in a Honda RA302 at the French Grand Prix. This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that yéar.

After a léarning yéar in 1965, Honda-powered Brabhams dominated the 1966 French Formula Two championship in the hands of Jack Brabham and Denny Hulme. As there was no Européan Championship that séason, this was the top F2 championship that yéar. In the éarly 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to Ron Tauranac's Ralt téam. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their éarlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd's Engine Developments company produced a turbo "Brabham-Honda" engine for use in IndyCar racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for Bobby Rahal at Pocono.

Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the Spirit téam, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and éarly 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive Formula One Constructors Championships. WilliamsF1 won the crown in 1986 and 1987. Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Téam McLaren won the title in 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991. Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related Mugen-Honda company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with Ligier and Jordan Grand Prix.

Honda debuted in the CART IndyCar World Series as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival IRL IndyCar Series. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the Indianapolis 500, and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers' Championship, Drivers' Championship and Rookie of the Yéar titles. In 2006, Honda became the sole engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the 2006 Indianapolis 500, for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem.[44]

During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own téam. The project was aborted after the déath of its technical director, Harvey Postlethwaite. Honda instéad came back as an official engine supplier to British American Racing (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR téam in 2004 before buying the téam outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix with driver Jenson Button.

It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis.[45] The téam was sold to former téam principal Ross Brawn, renamed Brawn GP and subsequently Mercedes GP.[46]

Honda became an official works téam in the British Touring Car Championship in 2010.

Motorcycles

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  Artikel utama: Honda Racing Corporation.
 
Honda RC212V raced by Dani Pedrosa

Honda Racing Corporation (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the création of léading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite téams, and rider education programs.

Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international motorsport. In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the Isle of Man TT race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow Mike Hailwood to claim their first Grand Prix victories in the 125 and 250 cc classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and 1967. Honda's race bikes were known for their "sleek & stylish design" and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000 rpm, 125 cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250 cc and 297 cc bikes.

In 1979, Honda returned to Grand Prix motorcycle racing with the monocoque-framed, four-stroke NR500. The FIM rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 féatured non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, éach with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve aréa to compete with the dominant two-stroke racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 séason, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in 1983, Honda won their first 500 cc Grand Prix World Championship with Freddie Spencer. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as Mick Doohan and Valentino Rossi.

In the Motocross World Championship, Honda has claimed six world championships. In the World Enduro Championship, Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with Stefan Merriman in 2003 and with Mika Ahola from 2007 to 2010. In observed trials, Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider Eddy Lejeune.

Electric and alternative fuel vehicles

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2009 Honda Civic GX hooked up to Phill refueling system
 
Top: Brazilian flexible-fuel Honda Civic. Below: U.S. Honda Civic Hybrid.
 
2010 Honda Insight hybrid electric vehicle (Second generation).
 
Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel cell vehicle

Compressed natural gas

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The Honda Civic GX is the only purpose-built natural gas vehicle (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S.[47][48] The Honda Civic GX first appéared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on compressed natural gas. The car looks and drives just like a contemporary Honda Civic LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cléanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[49][50]

First léased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained déalers certified to service the GX. Before that, only fleets were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was reléased in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car.[51] Home refueling is available for the GX with the addition of the Phill Home Refueling Appliance.[52]

Flexible-fuel

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Honda's Brazilian subsidiary launched flexible-fuel versions for the Honda Civic and Honda Fit in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these modéls run on any blend of hydrous ethanol (E100) and E20-E25 gasoline.[53][54] Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit modéls.[53][54] Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions.[54][55][56] In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the Honda City.[57]

During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel modéls sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles,[58] jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007,[59] and réaching 93,361 in 2008.[60] Due to the success of the flex versions, by éarly 2009 a hundred percent of Honda's automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports.[61]

In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$2,700.[62][63][64]

Hybrid electric

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In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial hybrid electric car sold in the U.S. market, the Honda Insight, just one month before the introduction of the Toyota Prius, and initially sold for US$20,000.[65][66] The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a fuel economy of 70 miles per US gallon (3.4 L/100 km; 84 mpg‑imp) for the EPA's highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time.[65][66] Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles.[66]

Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in its home nation of Japan in February 2009, and reléased it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the léast expensive hybrid available in the U.S.[67] Honda expects to sell 200,000 of the vehicles éach yéar, with half of those sales in the United States.[68]

Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the Honda Civic Hybrid (2003 modél) in the U.S. market,.[65] It was followed by the Honda Accord Hybrid, offered in modél yéars 2005 through 2007. Sales of the Honda CR-Z began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.[69]

In an interview in éarly February 2011, a Honda executive disclosed that Honda produces around 200,000 hybrids a yéar in Japan.[70]

Hydrogen fuel cell

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In Takanezawa, Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line FCX Clarity, a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. More efficient than a gas-electric hybrid vehicle, the FCX Clarity combines hydrogen and oxygen from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor.

The vehicle itself does not emit any pollutants and its only by products are héat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an internal combustion engine to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a lithium ion battery to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through regenerative braking, thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low.[71] Honda will reléase the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) granted $6.8 million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7 million USD éach.[72][73]

Marketing

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Japan

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Honda Clio (Saitama, Saitama, Japan)

Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify their sales distribution channels, and créated Honda Verno, which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature.[74][75] The establishment of Honda Verno coincided with its new sports compact, called the Honda Prelude. Later, the Honda Vigor, the Honda Ballade, and the Honda Quint were added to Honda Verno stores.

As sales progressed, Honda créated two more sales channels, called Honda Clio in 1984, and Honda Primo in 1985. The Honda Clio chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda déalerships before 1978, like the Honda Accord, and Honda Primo sold the Honda Civic, kei cars, such as the Honda Today, superminis like the Honda Capa, along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, motorcycles, and scooters. A styling tradition was established when Honda Primo and Clio began operations, in that all Verno products had the réar license plate installed in the réar bumper, while Primo and Clio products had the réar license plate installed on the trunk lid or réar door for minivans.

As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese "bubble economy", "supermini" and "kei" vehicles that were specific to Honda Primo were "badge engineered" and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both Honda Verno and Honda Clio locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of Honda Cars déalerships.[76]

Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called Honda Access for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate "keiretsu" partner Pioneer, Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name Gathers, which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as Autobacs. Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called Honda Auto Terrace.

Honda Prelude, Honda Integra, Honda CR-X, Honda Vigor, Honda Saber, Honda Ballade, Honda Quint, Honda Crossroad, Honda Element, Honda NSX, Honda HR-V, Honda Mobilio Spike, Honda S2000, Honda CR-V, Honda That's, Honda MDX, Honda Rafaga, Honda Capa, and the Honda Torneo

Honda Accord, Honda Legend, Honda Inspire, Honda Avancier, Honda S-MX, Honda Lagreat, Honda Stepwgn, Honda Elysion, Honda Stream, Honda Odyssey (int'l), Honda Domani, Honda Concerto, Honda Accord Tourer, Honda Logo, Honda Fit, Honda Insight, Honda That's, Honda Mobilio[77], and the Honda City

Honda Civic, Honda Life, Honda Acty, Honda Vamos, Honda Hobio, Honda Ascot, Honda Ascot Innova, Honda Torneo, Honda Civic Ferio, Honda Freed, Honda Mobilio, Honda Orthia, Honda Capa, Honda Today, Honda Z, and the Honda Beat

Wikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung Honda dealerships .

International efforts

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In 2003, Honda reléased its Cog advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To maké the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a Rube Goldberg Machine made entirely out of car parts from a Honda Accord Touring. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled pre-production modéls of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and Garrison Keillor spéaking the tagline, "Isn't it nice when things just... work?" It took 606 takes to get it perfect.[78]

In 2004, they produced the Grrr advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 Impossible Dream advert.

 
A post 2005 style Honda dealership in Moncton, Canada

In December 2005, Honda reléased The Impossible Dream a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zéaland, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder's dréam to build performance vehicles. While singing the song "Impossible Dream", a man réaches for his racing helmet, léaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to réappéar piloting a hot air balloon, with Garrison Keillor saying "I couldn't have put it better myself" as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical Man Of La Mancha, sung by Andy Williams.

In 2006, Honda reléased its Choir advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This féatured a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown.

In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during modél close-out sales for the current yéar before the start of the new model year, Honda's advertising has féatured an animated character known simply as Mr. Opportunity, voiced by Rob Paulsen. The casual looking man talked about various déals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase "I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'", followed by him "knocking" on the television screen or "thumping" the spéaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as Tetris and Thomas The Tank Engine.

In late 2006, Honda reléased an ad with ASIMO exploring a muséum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spréading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an astronaut suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: "More forwards please".

Honda also sponsored ITV's coverage of Formula One in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high.

In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as "Hondamentalism". The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda reléased its Hondamentalism campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, "An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey", while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a gréat light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics.

At the beginning of 2008, Honda reléased – the Problem Playground. The advert outlines Honda's environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the FCX Clarity, a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert féatures large scale puzzles, involving Rubik's Cubes, large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle.

On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with Channel 4, broadcast a live advertisement. It showed skydivers jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. The next flight of one of the two planes involved resulted in a fatal crash as the plane broke apart in mid-air.[79]

In 2009, American Honda reléased the Dream the Impossible documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: The Secret to Success, Kick Out the Ladder and Mobility 2088. They féature Honda employees as well as Danica Patrick, Christopher Guest, Ben Bova, Chee Péarlman, Joe Johnston and Orson Scott Card. The film series plays at dréams.honda.com.

Sports

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In Australia, Honda advertised héavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel "Ten". In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 Indy Racing League séason. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda's racing heritage, Honda claimed it "built" cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. SkepticsCitakan:Who have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda powered (engined) machines, wheréas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 téams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 téam have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. .[rujukan?]

The late F1 driver Ayrton Senna stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda "the greatest company in the world".[rujukan?]

As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the National Hockey League, the Anaheim Ducks of the NHL, and the arena named after it: Honda Center. Honda also sponsors The Honda Classic golf tournament and is a sponsor of Major League Soccer. The "Honda Player of the Year" award is presented in United States soccer. The "Honda Sports Award" is given to the best female athlete in éach of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the Honda-Broderick Cup, as "Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year."

Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the Los Angeles Marathon since 2010 in a three-yéar sponsorship déal with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free Honda Accord. Since 1989, the Honda Campus All-Star Challenge has been a quizbowl tournament for Historically black colleges and universities.

Facilities (partial list)

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  Artikel utama: List of Honda facilities.

Mainstream models

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  Tempo ogé: List of Honda motorcycles jeung List of Honda vehicles.

Sales

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Citakan:Refimprove section

Calendar yéar Total US sales
1999 1,076,893
2000 1,158,860
2001 1,207,639
2002 1,247,834
2003 1,349,847
2004 1,394,398
2005 1,462,472
2006 1,509,358
2007 1,551,542[80]
2008 1,284,261[80]
2009 1,150,784[81]
2010 1,230,480[81]
2011 1,147,285
2012 1,422,785

See also

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  Portal Portal Portal Portal
  Portal Japanese Car
  Portal Tokyo
  Portal Companies

Notes

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  1. ↑ a b c d e "FY2012 Consolidated Financial Results: Toyota Motor Company". May 2011. Diakses tanggal 15 June 2011. 
  2. ↑ "Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC)". Diakses tanggal 29 September 2008. 
  3. ↑ Grant, Robert M.; Neupert, Kent E. (2003). Cases in contemporary strategy analysis (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-1180-1. Diakses tanggal 12 November 2010Citakan:Inconsistent citations 
  4. ↑ Johnson, Richard Alan (2005). Six men who built the modern auto industry. MotorBooks International. ISBN 0-7603-1958-8. Diakses tanggal 12 November 2010Citakan:Inconsistent citations 
  5. ↑ Miller, Edward (2008-04-18). "FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD". Honda.com. http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174. Diakses pada 28 July 2009 
  6. ↑ "Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. – Latest Car News from 4Car". Channel4.com. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2009.  [tumbu nonaktif]
  7. ↑ "The History of Honda". Cars-directory.net. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2009. 
  8. ↑ a b Ohnsman, Alan (2010-08-20). "Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html. Diakses pada 1 January 2011 
  9. ↑ Taylor, Alex III (2008-03-07). "America's Most Admired Companies: Honda". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm. Diakses pada 3 May 2009 
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alexander, Jeffrey W. (2008), Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History, UBC Press, pp. 112–116, 197–211, ISBN 978-0-8248-3328-2 
  11. ↑ a b c d e Aaron Frank (12 July 2003). Honda Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-7603-1077-9. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2012.  Salah ngutip: Tanda <ref> tidak sah; nama "Frank2003" didefinisikan berulang dengan isi berbeda
  12. ↑ a b Falloon, Ian (2005), The Honda Story, Haynes, pp. 9–13, ISBN 1-85960-966-X 
  13. ↑ a b Sakiya, Tetsuo (1982), Porter, Timothy, ed., Honda Motor: the men, the management, the machines, Kodansha, ISBN 978-0-87011-522-6 
  14. ↑ "Honda Worldwide, History". World.honda.com. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2011. 
  15. ↑ Paul Niedermeyer (30 March 2010). "Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963". The Truth about Cars. 
  16. ↑ "Sporting Hondas – Classic Buyer’s Guide". New Zealand Classic Car magazine. 21 September 2010. 
  17. ↑ "Let’s Build a Sportscar!". Honda. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2012. 
  18. ↑ "The History of Honda Motor Company". GearHeads. 18 May 2012. Diakses tanggal 1 July 2012. 
  19. ↑ Breakdown of net sales and other operating revenue by geographical markets from company 20Fs
  20. ↑ Mangion, Patrick (2007-08-27). "Markham saves Honda deal". Yorkregion.com: p. 1. http://www.yorkregion.com/article/44477  It was originally planned to be located in Richmond Hill, Ontario, but delays led them to look elsewhere.
  21. ↑ Share Manthan : http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda
  22. ↑ Barr, Jonathan, ed. (July/September 2003). "1965 Honda T500F Flat Bed Utility". The Japanese Restorer in Australia (Bald Hills, Queensland, Australia) (4): 15. 
  23. ↑ "Toyota Corolla History" (PDF). Toyota Motor Corp. 
  24. ↑ Vlasic, Bill; Bunkley, Nick (2008-06-20). "The Smaller the Better, Automakers Are Finding". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20auto.html?_r=1. Diakses pada 1 July 2012 
  25. ↑ "Report: Honda planning to double hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% next fiscal year". Green Car Congress. 27 November 2010. 
  26. ↑ Scott Doggett "EPA Lists Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars From 1984 to Present" Green car advisor – Edmunds, 10 June 2010. (mpg revised in accordance with 2008 regulation change)[tumbu nonaktif]Citakan:Dubious
  27. ↑ "the greenest vehicles of 2008". greenercars.org. Diakses tanggal 1 January 2011. 
  28. ↑ http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/HONDA
  29. ↑ Allen J. Morrison; United Nations. Transnational Corporations and Management Division (1993). Transnational corporations and business strategy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-415-08537-3. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2012. 
  30. ↑ Morrison, Allen J.. Transnational corporations and business strategy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–92. ISBN 0-415-08537-3. 
  31. ↑ Gary Hamel; C. K. Prahalad (1 July 1994). Competing for the future. Harvard Business Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-87584-416-9. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2012. 
  32. ↑ Sally H. Clarke; Naomi R. Lamoreaux; Steven W. Usselman (10 March 2009). The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business. Stanford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8047-5892-5. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2012. 
  33. ↑ "Honda Worldwide, Timeline – Power Products". World.honda.com. Diakses tanggal 12 August 2010. 
  34. ↑ [1][tumbu nonaktif]
  35. ↑ [2][tumbu nonaktif]
  36. ↑ "Honda Worldwide, Power Products, Overview". World.honda.com. Diakses tanggal 12 August 2010. 
  37. ↑ "Honda Racing Engines". Racing.honda.com. Diakses tanggal 27 September 2010. 
  38. ↑ "Indy 500". Indianapolis Motor Speedway. 
  39. ↑ News, Automotive (17 October 2008). "Green-car era poses test for Honda, The Car Tech blog – CNET Reviews". Reviews.cnet.com. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2009. 
  40. ↑ Abuelsamid, Sam (6 January 2009). "Honda S2000, CR-Z convertible follow Acura NSX and V8 to scrap heap". Diakses tanggal 25 October 2010. Citakan:Dubious
  41. ↑ Frequently asked questions about ASIMO [3]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
  42. ↑ http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/1938/digital-life/japan-plans-mind-reading-devices
  43. ↑ "Honda Worldwide | October 23, 2008 "Honda Soltec Begins Sales of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Public and Industrial Use"". World.honda.com. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2012. 
  44. ↑ "Last Lap Victory for Franchitti Seals 2007 IndyCar Title". Diakses tanggal 14 January 2008. 
  45. ↑ "Honda confirm immediate F1 pull out". Autosport. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72322. Diakses pada 5 December 2008 
  46. ↑ "Brawn GP arrives". Diakses tanggal 6 March 2009. 
  47. ↑ Christine Gable and Scott Gable. "2008 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) Available". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2008. 
  48. ↑ "2009 Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Vehicle". Honda. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2008. 
  49. ↑ "Sixth Biannual Report On The Early Action Compact For Northeast Texas", p.5.
  50. ↑ "Natural Gas Myths", Myth 2.
  51. ↑ "Honda Press Release", 19 October 2006
  52. ↑ "FuelMaker Corporation – World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems". Web.archive.org. 15 February 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 February 2008. Diakses tanggal 27 September 2010. 
  53. ↑ a b Ricardo Ghigonetto (Citakan:ISO date/checkdate). "Honda apresenta tecnologia Flex" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Honda (Brazil). http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273. Diakses pada 16 April 2009  [tumbu nonaktif]
  54. ↑ a b c Marcelo Moura (2007-01-01). "Testes: Honda Civic EXS Flex x Honda Civic EXS" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Revista Quatro Rodas. http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml. Diakses pada 16 April 2009 
  55. ↑ Luís Felipe Figueiredo (2009-02-09). "Honda Fit LXL Flex, um japonês versátil" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). WebMotors. http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Testes_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=37317. Diakses pada 16 April 2009 
  56. ↑ Alberto Polo Junior (2006-12-12). "Versão Flex do Honda Fit chega na sexta por R$ 46.340" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Interpress Motor. http://www2.uol.com.br/interpressmotor/noticias/item15731.shl. Diakses pada 16 April 2009 
  57. ↑ "Honda starts building flex-fuel City sedan in Brazil". AutoblogGreen. 29 July 2009. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2009. Citakan:Dubious
  58. ↑ "Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006" (PDF) (dalam Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Diakses tanggal 16 April 2009.  See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales.
  59. ↑ "Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007" (PDF) (dalam Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Diakses tanggal 16 April 2009.  See Table 08.
  60. ↑ "Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008" (PDF) (dalam Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Diakses tanggal 16 April 2009.  See Table 08.
  61. ↑ "Autoveículos – Produção em 2009" (dalam Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Diakses tanggal 16 April 2009.  Up to February 2009. See "Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível " Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009).
  62. ↑ "Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo. 2003-03-11. http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html. Diakses pada 11 March 2003 
  63. ↑ Agencia EFE (2003-03-11). "Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). Folha Online. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml. Diakses pada 11 March 2003 
  64. ↑ "Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo" (dalam bahasa Portuguese). UNICA. 2003-03-11. http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d. Diakses pada 11 March 2003 
  65. ↑ a b c Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009). Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 28, 64–65, and 168–168. ISBN 978-0-19-537664-7 
  66. ↑ a b c Jerry Garrett (2006-08-27). "The Once and Future Mileage King". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/automobiles/27HONDA.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=The%20Once%20and%20Future%20Mileage%20King&st=cse&oref=slogin 
  67. ↑ "Honda Insight: America's most affordable hybrid at $19,800". Honda. Motor Authority. 10 March 2009. Diakses tanggal 21 March 2009. 
  68. ↑ "Honda Announces Additional Details on New Small Hybrid Vehicle – Honda – Press Releases". Corporate.honda.com. 20 May 2008. Diakses tanggal 27 September 2010. 
  69. ↑ "Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month". Green Car Congress. 27 February 2010. Diakses tanggal 13 March 2010. 
  70. ↑ Yoshio Takahashi (2011-02-02). "Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon". Dow Jones newswire. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110202-703049.html 
  71. ↑ Fackler, Martin (2008-06-17). "Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17fuelcell.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Diakses pada 17 June 2008 
  72. ↑ Clive Thompson (2009-04-16). "Batteries Not Included". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19car-t.html?pagewanted=4&ref=magazine. Diakses pada 19 April 2009 
  73. ↑ Sebastian Blanco (2009-04-16). "CARB grants $6.8 million for four hydrogen refueling stations". Autobloggreen. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/08/carb-grants-6-8-billion-for-four-hydrogen-refueling-stations/. Diakses pada 17 June 2009 Citakan:Dubious
  74. ↑ Honda　国内四輪　新販売チャネル施策と、アキュラブランド導入を発表 Honda公式サイト 2005年12月14日
  75. ↑ Honda｜会社案内｜会社概要｜Hondaのグローバル展開｜日本 Honda公式サイト
  76. ↑ "Honda Timeline". World.honda.com. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2012. 
  77. ↑ "Honda Mobilio". PT Honda Prospect Motor. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2017. 
  78. ↑ "Lights! Camera! Retake!". Telegraph. Diakses tanggal 5 January 2008. 
  79. ↑ Mark Sweney (2008-06-02). "Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/02/advertising.spain. Diakses pada 27 September 2010 
  80. ↑ a b American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales
  81. ↑ a b "Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent". Hondanews.com. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2011. 

References

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édit
Wikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung Honda .
Dicomot ti "https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda&oldid=547533"