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{{Kotak info nagara Butan}}
'''Butan''' ([[basa Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]: {{lang |dz|འབྲུག་ཡུལ་}}; [[Alihaksara Wylie]]: ''ʼbrug-yul''{{nbsp|2}}"Druk Yul"), resmina '''Karajaan Butan''', nyaéta hiji [[nagara daulat|nagara]] nu [[nagara nu dilingkung|dilingkung]] di [[Asia Kidul]], aya di wewengkon wétan [[Himalaya]]. Butan wawatesan jeung [[Cina]] di kalér sarta [[India]] di kidul, wétan, jeung kulon. Leuwih ka kulonna aya [[Nepal]], dipisahkeun ku nagara bagian India
Butan aya salaku wewengkon
Lemah Butan kasusun ti dataran [[subtropis]] di kidul nepi ka daratan luhur Himalaya [[sub-alpen]] di kalér, di mana sababaraha titik miboga kaluhuran leuwih ti {{j|{{convert|7000|m|ft}}}}. Lega wewengkonna dilaporkeun kira-kira {{convert|46500|km2|abbr=on}} taun 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/08fyp.pdf |title=8th Five Year Plan (1997–2002) |format=PDF |publisher=[[Pamaréntah Butan]] |year=1997 |accessdate=2011-08-22}}</ref> and {{convert|38394|km2|sqmi}} in 2002.<ref name=FYP9>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/5yp09_main.pdf |title=9th Five Year Plan (2002–2007) |publisher=Pamaréntah Karajaan
▲Lemah Butan kasusun ti dataran [[subtropis]] di kidul nepi ka daratan luhur Himalaya [[sub-alpen]] di kalér, di mana sababaraha titik miboga kaluhuran leuwih ti {{j|{{convert|7000|m|ft}}}}. Lega wewengkonna dilaporkeun kira-kira {{convert|46500|km2|abbr=on}} taun 1997<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/08fyp.pdf |title=8th Five Year Plan (1997–2002) |format=PDF |publisher=[[Pamaréntah Butan]] |year=1997 |accessdate=2011-08-22}}</ref> and {{convert|38394|km2|sqmi}} in 2002.<ref name=FYP9>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/5yp09_main.pdf |title=9th Five Year Plan (2002–2007) |publisher=Pamaréntah Karajaan Butan|year=2002 |accessdate=2011-08-22}}</ref><ref name=official>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutan.gov.bt/government/aboutbhutan.php |title=Portal Nasional Butan |publisher=Departemén Ténologi Informasi Butan |accessdate=2011-08-22}}</ref> Agama nasional Butan nyaéta [[Buddha Vajrayana]] sarta pangeusina, diperkirakeun jumlahna méh 750.000 jiwa,<ref name=clock/> utamina ngagem [[Buddha]]. [[Hindu]] mangrupa agama nu panggedéna kadua.<ref>"Bhutan." ''World Almanac & Book Of Facts'' (2008): 752-753. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Dés. 2011.</ref>
Taun 2008, Butan ngarobih wangun nagara ti [[monarki absolut]] ka [[monarki konstitusional]] jeung miboga pamilihan umum kahijina. Butan mangrupa anggota ti [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] sareng [[Asosiasi Asia Kidul pikeun Sabilulungan Wewengkon]] (SAARC) sarta minangka tuan rumah pikeun [[Daptar patepungan SAARC|Patepungan SAARC XVI]] dina April 2010.
Baris 13 ⟶ 11:
Kecap nu mirip jeung Butan{{spaced ndash}}kaasup ''Bottanthis'', ''Bottan'', jeung ''Bottanter''{{spaced ndash}}mimiti muncul dina peta Éropa sabundeureun 1580-an. ''Six Voyages'' taun 1676 beunangna [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] minangka nu kahiji anu nyutat ngaran ''Boutan''. Tapi, dina sadaya kasus, katingalna ngaran-ngaran ieu dipaké sanés pikeun Butan modéren ieu tapi pikeun [[Tibét (1912–1951)|Karajaan Tibét]]. Bébéda modéren antara duanana mimiti ku ékspedisi [[George Bogle (diplomat)|Bogle]] taun 1774{{mdash}}sadar kana bébéda antara 2 wewengkon éta, ogé budayana jeung pamaréntahanna. Teras laporan ahirna pikeun [[East India Company]] (EIC, Pasarikatan Dagang Inggris di Hindia Wétan) sacara resmi ngajukeun ngaran karajaanna [[Druk Desi]] salaku "Boutan" sarta nu [[Panchen Lama]] salaku "Tibét". Survéyor jéndral EIC, [[James Rennell]], kahijina nga-Inggris-keun ngaran Perancis éta kana "Bootan" sarta teras ngapopulérkeun yén Butan jeung Tibét téh béda.<ref name="Kuensel">[http://www.keystobhutan.com/bhutan/bhutan_history_europe.php "History of Bhutan: How Europe heard about Bhutan"]. ''Kuensel''. 24 August 2003. Diaksés 28 Sépt 2011.</ref>
{{Multiple image
|align = left
|footer = 2 peta EIC Rennell, némbongkeun babagian "Thibet or Bootan" (Thibet atanapi Bootan) dina wewengkon nu béda.
|image1 = 1777 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Delhi and Agra, India - Geographicus - DelhiAgrah-dury-1777.jpg
|alt1 = Deukeut Delhi, Tibét katémbong salkau "Thibet or Bootan"
|caption1 = 1777
|width1 = 205
|image2 = 1786 - A map of Bengal, Bahar, Oude & Allahabad - James Rennell - William Faden.jpg
|alt2 = "Thibet" jeung wewengkonna sarta "Bootan" kapisah terang
|caption2 = 1786
|width2 = 310
}}
Asal ngaran "Butan" sacara pastina heunteu terang, sanajan kamungkinan gedéna, ngaran ieu diturunkeun ti [[éndonim]] dina [[basa Tibét Heubeul]], ''Bod'', dipaké pikeun [[Tibét Raya]]. Sacara tradisional, ngaran éta dipaké dina basa [[Sangsakarta]] ''Bhoṭa-anta'' (भोट-अन्त, "ahir [[Tibét]]"), nunjukkeun lokasi Butan di wewengkon pakidulan plato jeung kabudayaan Tibét.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Cultural History of Bhutan |volume=1 |first=Balaram |last=Chakravarti |publisher=Hilltop |year=1979 |page=7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6VxuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-09-01}}</ref><ref name="Names&Histories">Taylor, Isaac. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi00taylgoog Names and Their Histories; a Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature]''. Gale Research Co. (Detroit), 1898. Diaksés 24 Séptémber 2011.</ref>
Sacara lokalna, Butan kawanoh dina loba ngaran. Cutatan di Dunya Kulon nu pangkolotna ngeunaan Butan, ''Relação'' 1627 [[masarakat Yésus|Yésuit]] [[Karajaan Portugal|Portugis]] [[Estêvão Cacella]] jeung [[João Cabral]], nyutat ngaranna dina raloba rupa salaku ''Cambirasi'' (di antara [[Koch Bihar]]<ref>Cacella, Estêvão. Trans. by Baillie, Luiza Maria. [http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/jbs/JBS_01_01_01.pdf "Laporan di mana Rama Father Estevao Cacella ti Masarakat Yésus Ngintun ka Rama Alberto Laercio, Pangurus pikeun Propinsi Malabar, India Wétan, ngeunaan Lalampahanna ka Katay, nepi Anjeunna Sumping di Karajaan Bhotanta"] (1627). Diaksés 28 Séptémber 2011.</ref>), ''Potente'', jeung ''Mon'' (éndonim pikeun Tibét beulah kidul).<ref name="Kuensel"/> Kahiji kalina hiji Karajaan Butan nu bener muncul dina peta urang Kulon, dina ngaran lokalna nyaéta "Broukpa".<ref name="Kuensel"/> Ngaran lian misalna ''Lho Mon'' ("Pakidulan Poék"), ''Lho Tsendenjong'' ("Pakidulan [[Cypress]]"), ''Lhomen Khazhi'' ("Pakidulan 4 Padeukeutan"), sarta ''Lho Men Jong'' ("Pakidulan [[apotek hirup|Ubar Hirup]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Beneath Blossom Rain: Discovering Bhutan on the Toughest Trek in the World |series=Outdoor Lives |first=Kevin |last=Grange |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2011 |isbn=0-8032-3433-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bWco7DY94fsC|accessdate=2011-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZvrWAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-09-01 |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife |volume=2 |series=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |first=William M. |last=Clements |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-313-32849-8 |page=105}}</ref>
==Sajarah==▼
▲== Sajarah ==
{{main|Sajarah Butan|Gurat wanci sajarah Butan}}
Pakakas, pakarang, [[gajah|gagajah]]an, sarta wangunan tina batu ngabuktikeun yén Butan dieusian kira-kira saprak taun [[abada ka-20 SM|2000 SM]], sanajan teu aya cutatan ti jaman éta. Sajarawan miboga téori yén nagara ''Lhomon'' ("poék kidul"), atanapi ''Monyul'' ("Lemah Poék", sesebutan nu ngarah kana [[urang Monpa|Monpa]], [[urang pribumi]] Butan) bisa jadi enggeus aya antawis 500 SM jeung 600 M. Ngaran ''Lhomon Tsendenjong'' (Nagara [[Cendana]]), jeung ''Lhomon Khashi'', atanapi Mon Kidul (nagara 4 padeukeutan), dipanggih dina hikayat-hikayat Butan jeung Tibét kuna.<ref name=WIAS>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldinstituteforasianstudies.org/buthan.html|title=Bhutan|publisher=World Institute for Asian Studies|date=2006-08-21|accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref><ref name=CS0>{{Country study|country=Bhutan|abbr=bt|editor=Savada, Andrea Matles|year=1991|section=Origins and Early Settlement, A.D. 600–1600|author=Worden, Robert L|pd=yes}}</ref>
[[File:Cloud-hidden, whereabouts unknown (Paro, Bhutan).jpg|thumb|left|[[Dzong]] di [[Lebak Paro]], diwangun taun 1646]]
Agama Budha kahiji kalina disebarkeun di Butan dina abad ka-7 M. Raja Tibét, [[Songtsän Gampo]]<ref name=Padel>{{cite book|title=Tigers in Red Weather: a Quest for the Last Wild Tigers|first=Ruth|last=Padel|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|year=2006|isbn=0-8027-1544-3|pages=139–40|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zYLJp0X04mUC|accessdate=2011-08-21}}</ref> (maréntah 627–649), nu pindah agama ka Budha, ngalegakeun Kakaisaran Tibét nepi ka Sikkim jeung sBhutan,<ref>Sailen Debnath, Essays on Cultural History of North Bengal, ISBN 9788186860427; & Sailen Debnath, The Dooars in Historical Transition, ISBN 9788186860441</ref> maréntahkeun diwangunna 2 kuli Budha, di [[Bumthang (kota)|Bumthang]] di sBhutan bagian tengah sarta di Kyichu (deukeut [[Paro, sBhutan|Paro]]) di [[Lebak Paro]].<ref name=CS1>{{Country study|country=Bhutan|abbr=bt|editor=Savada, Andrea Matles|year=1991|section=Arrival of Buddhism|author=Worden, Robert L|pd=yes}}</ref> Agama Budha disebarkeun luas<ref name=Padel/> dina taun 746<ref name=Hattaway>{{cite book|title=Peoples of the Buddhist World: a Christian Prayer Diary|first=Paul|last=Hattaway|publisher=William Carey Library|year=2004|isbn=0-87808-361-8|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OzEOKNPsv2EC|page=30|accessdate=2011-08-20}}</ref> jaman pamaréntahan Raja Sindhu Rāja (''ogé'' Künjom;<ref name=Rennie>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sHAnAtNrUQoC|title=Bhutan: Ways of Knowing|first1=Frank|last1=Rennie|first2=Robin|last2=Mason|publisher=IAP|pages=18, 58|year=2008|isbn=1-59311-734-5|accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref> Sendha Gyab; Chakhar Gyalpo), saurang raja [[urang India|India]] dina pangasingan nu ngawangun pamaréntahan di Bumthang jeung Istana Chakhar Gutho Palace.<ref name=HBB>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yA9uAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Bhutan Based on Buddhism|first=C. T.|last=Dorji|publisher=Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers|year=1994|isbn=81-86239-01-4|accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref>{{rp|35}} <ref name=Harding>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rlxdncBwpbgC|title=The Life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa|first1=Padma-gliṅ-pa (Gter-ston)|first2=Sarah|last2=Harding|editor=Harding, Sarah|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|year=2003|isbn=1-55939-194-4|accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref>{{rp|13}}
[[File:Tashigang Dzong 111120.jpg|thumb|Dzong Trashigang, diwangun taun 1659.]]
Ulama Budha [[Padmasambhava|Padma Sambhava]] (kawanoh ogé salaku [[Guru Rinpoche]]) sumping ka sBhutan dina taun 747.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=18,963,0,0,1,0 |title=Taktshang: a Buddhist Legend |first=Kinley |last=Dorji |publisher=[[Kuensel]] online |work=Buddhist Channel |date=2005-03-30 |accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref> Sajarah awal Butan kalobaanana teu terang ku sabab raloba cutatan sajarah ancur nalika ibu kota heubeul, [[Punakha]], kaduruk dina taun 1827. Di abad ka-10, kaayaan pulitik sBhutan loba dipangaruhan ku sajarah kaagamaanna. Rupa-rupa aliran Budha muncul nu didukung ku rupa-rupa pamingpin militér [[Mongol]]. Sanggeus teuleumna [[Dinasti Yuan]] dina abad ka-14, aliran-aliran ieu silih sihung pikeun dominasi sacara pulitik jeung kaagamaan, nu teras ngarah kana unggulna aliran [[Druk]]pa di abad ka-16.<ref name=CS1/><ref name=CS4>{{country study |country=Bhutan |abbr=bt |editor=Savada, Andrea Matles |year=1991 |section=Rivalry among the Sects |author=Worden, Robert L |pd=yes}}</ref>
===Réformasi pulitik jeung modérenisasi===
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