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|agency=[[Pamarentah Jepang|Pamaréntah Jepang]]
|iso1=ja|iso2=jpn|iso3=jpn|sil=JPN}}
'''Basa Jepang''' (日本語, {{Audio|ja-nihongo.ogg|''Nihongo''}}) digunakeun ku leuwih ti 127 milyar jalma, ngarupakeunmangrupa basa utama di [[Jepang]], salian ti etaéta dipakedipaké ogeogé ku komunitas imigrant Jepang di sakuliah dunya. Basa Jepang dianggap salaku [[agglutinative language|basa persatuan]] sarta kawentar ku sistem [[Japanese honorifics|honorifik]] kompleks nu ngagambarkeun hirarki alami kahirupan Jepang, kecap gawe sarta susunan kalimahna nembongkeun hubungan antara nu ngobrol jeung nu diajak ngobrol. Intonasi dina ngobrol relatif leutik, sarta mibanda sistem beda-leksikal dina [[Japanese pitch accent|pitch accent]]. Hal ieu dumasar kana rekaman kajadian ti mimiti [[8th century|abad kadalapan]], nu mana aya tilu pola [[Basa Jepang heubeul]] nu digabungkeun.
Basa Jepang ditulis ku tilu jenis huruf anu beda nyaetanyaéta: [[Chinese characters|tulisan Cina]] (disebut ''[[kanji]]''), sarta dua skrip [[syllabary|''syllabic'']], ''[[hiragana]]'' jeung ''[[katakana]]''. [[Latin alphabet|Hurup Latin]] (disebut ''[[rōmaji]]'') ogeogé dipakedipaké dina Basa Jepang modern, hususna keur ngaran parusahaan, iklan, sarta lamun ngasupkeun data Basa Jepang dina komputer. [[Arabic numerals|Angka Arab]] ilahar dipakedipaké keur nulis nomer, sanajan kitu angka tradisional China/Jepang ogeogé ilahar dipake.
Kosa kata Basa Jepang meunang pangaruh nu kuat ku injeuman tina basa sejen. The Japanese vocabulary has been heavilyhéavily influenced by loans from other languages. Loba kecap dina Basa Jepang ngarupakeunmangrupa kecap injeuman tina [[Chinese language|Basa Cina]], atawa dijieun tina molde Basa Cina, leuwih ti 1,500 taun kaliwat. Mimiti ahir [[19th century|abad kasalapanbelas]], Basa Jepang makemaké kecap injeuman ti basa daerah kulon, utamana [[English language|Basa Inggris]].
== Klasifikasi ==
{{utama|Japanese language classification}}
[[Historical linguistics|Ahli sajarah bahasa]] nu nalungtik Basa Jepang sacara husus percaya yenyén aya dua kulawarga di Basa Jepang nyaetanyaéta kulawarga basa [[Japonic language|Japonic]] jeung kulawarga basa [[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]]. (Pamanggih sejenna, utamana nu teu nalungtik Basa Jepang sacara umum, dina Basa Jepang aya [[language isolate|basa nu misah]], salah sahijina nyaetanyaéta dialek basa Ryukyuan).
Sacara rundayan kulawarga Basa Japonic teu dipikanyaho pasti. Sababaraha teoritéori nu diusulkeun, pakait kaditu kadieu jeung kulawarga basa sejen, kaasup [[extinct language|basa lastari]] nu dipakedipaké dina sajarah budaya di ''semenanjung'' [[Korea]]; [[Korean language|basa Korea]]; [[Altaic languages|basa Altaic]]; sarta [[Austronesian languages|basa Austonesia]], sarta nu sejenna. Ogeogé aya nu ngusulkeun yenyén Basa Jepang ngarupakeunmangrupa [[creole language|basa ''creole'']] nyaetanyaéta gabungan tina sababaraha basa. Sababara teoritéori dijelaskeun leuwih jentre dina [[Japanese language classification|artikel utama]]. Hal nu penting, taya teoritéori nu bisa ditarima sakabehnasakabéhna bener tur masih didiskusikeun.
== Distribusi geografis ==
Sanajan basa Jepang sacara eksklusif dipakedipaké di Jepang, Basa Jepang kadangkala dipakedipaké di tempat sejen. Basa Jepang ngajajah [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], sarta sabageansabagéan [[China|Chinese]] darata, jueng sababaraha pulo di Pasipik, di sababaraha tempat [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|eta nagara]] dipaksa kudu diajar Basa Jepang dina raraga ngalegaan pangaruh kaisar. Hasila, nepi ka kiwari loba nu masih keneh bisa Basa Jepang di etaéta nagara salian ti basa indungna. Komunitas imigran Jepang (sabageansabagéan gede netep di [[Brazil]]) ilahar makemaké Basa Jepang salaku basa utamana. Salian ti di Brasil, imigran Jepang ogeogé kapanggih dina populasi nu loba di [[Peru]], [[Australia]] (hususna [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]], jeung [[Melbourne]]), jeung di [[United States|Amerika]] (utamana di [[California]] jeung [[Hawaii]]). Aya ogeogé sakumpulan leutik imigran Jepang di [[Davao]], [[Philippines]]. Katurunanna (disebut ''nikkei'' 日系, sacara Basa Jepang hartina katurunan), jarang migunakeun Basa Jepang. Kira-kira aya sababaraha juta salian ti urang Jepang nu diajar basa Jepang, saperti di sakola, boh utama atawa sekunder.
=== Status resmi ===
Basa Jepang nyaetanyaéta basa resmi Jepang sarta ngan Jepang nu makemaké Basa Jepang salaku basa resmi pagaweanpagawéan. Aya dua bentuk basa standar: {{nihongo|''hyōjungo''|標準語|}} atawa basa Jepang standar, jeung {{nihongo|''kyōtsūgo''|共通語|}} atawa Basa Jepang ilahar. Kawijakan pamarenta ngamodernisasi Basa Jepang, ngajadikeun lobana nu teu jelas basa diantaradi antara kaduana. ''Hyōjungo'' diajarkeun di sakola tur dipakedipaké dina [http://www.acaratipi.com/ acara tipi] sarta resmi dina komunakasi sarta versi Basa Jepang itu nu dijelaskeun dina ieu artikel.
Basa Jepang standar dibagi oke kana {{nihongo|''bungo''|文語|}} atawa "basa literatur," jeung {{nihongo|''kōgo''|口語|}} atawa "basa paguneman", numana ngabogaan beda aturan grammar jeung sababara variasi dina kosa kata. ''Bungo'' nyaetanyaéta metoda utama nulis Basa Jepang nepi ka ahir taun 1940-an tur masih keneh di pake ku sajarawan, sastrawan jeung ahli hukum (loba hukum Jepang nu masih dipakedipaké sanggeus Perang Dunya Kadua masih keneh ditulis dina ''bungo'', sanajan aya sababaraha usaha keur ngamodernisasi). ''Kōgo'' nyaetanyaéta metoda nu dominan dipakedipaké dina ngobrol jeung nulis Basa Jepang kiwati, sanajan grammar jeung kosakata ''bungo'' kadangkala dipakedipaké dina Basa Jepang modern.
=== Dialek ===
{{utama|dialék Basa Jepang}}
Puluhan dialek paguneman di Jepang. Kaayaan ieu kusababku sabab sababaraha alesan nyaeteanyaetéa lilana pulo dicicingan, pulo nu daerah pagunungan sarta panjangna sajarah Jepang nu kapisah boh kaluar atawa ka jero. Tipe dialek dibedakan ku aksen, infleksi [[morfologi (linguistik)|morfologi]], [[kosakecap]], jeung partikel nu dipake. Sanajan teu ilahar, aya beda ogeogé dina [[vokal]] jeung [[konsonan]].
Dialek utama nu beda dina Basa Jepang nyaetanyaéta antara tipe Tokyo (東京式, ''Tōkyō-shiki'') sarta tipe beulah kulon (京阪式, ''Keihan-shiki''), sanajan tipe dialek Kyushu rada beda saeutik jadi tipe katilu. Tiap tipe dialek dibagi duei kana sub bageanbagéan. Dialek tipe-kulon sabenerna aya di wewengkon tengah, watesan kasarna nyaetanyaéta Préféktur [[Toyama Prefecture|Toyama]], [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyōto]], [[Hyogo Prefecture|Hyōgo]], jeung [[Préféktur Mie|Mie]]; sabagian dialek [[Shikoku]] kaasup ogeogé dialek tipe Kulon. Dialek beuki ka kulon sabenerna tipe Tokyo. Kategorei panungtung dialek nyaetanyaéta turunan tina dialek [[Old Japanese|Jepang Kuno]] beulah Wetan; dialek ieu dipakedipaké di [[Hachijojima]], [[Tosa Province|Tosa]], sarta sababaraha tempat sejen.
Dialek ti sababaraha wewengkon, saperti [[Tōhoku Region|Tōhoku]] atawa [[Tsushima]], bisa ogeogé kaharti ku bageanbagéan sejen di Jepang. Sababaraha dialek nu dipakedipaké di [[Kagoshima]] di kalereun [[Kyūshū]] salah sahiji nu kawentar teu dipikaharti lain ngan ku pamake Basa Jepang standar tapi dialek sejen nu di Kyūshū, kamungkinnan bageanbagéan dialek Kagoshima dina cara ngucapkeunna, kaasup ayana suku kata nu nutup (contona suku kata dina ahir konsonan, saperti {{IPA|/kob/}} atawa {{IPA|/koʔ/}} keur Standard Japanese {{IPA|/kumo/}} "spider"). Kosakata dialek Kagoshima 84% sarua jeung dialek standar Tokyo. [[Kansai-ben]], salah sahiji grup dialek di tengah-kulon Jepang, loba di pake ku urang Jepang; dialek Osaka salah sahiji bageannabagéanna nu loba dipakedipaké dina acara bodor.
[[Basa Ryukyu]], pakait raket jeung urang Jepang, aya beda nu cukup keur nganggap beda jeung cabang kulawarga [[Basa Japonik]], sarta tanya dialekna dina Basa Jepang. Dipakedipaké di [[Kapuloan Ryukyu]] sarta sababarha pulo nu sacara politik kaasup kana [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Prefektur Kagoshima]]. Basa ieu teu ngan sakadar teu dipikaharti ku urang Jepang, tapi ku nu migunakeun basa Ryukyu sejenna.
Ayeuna, Basa Jepang Standar dipakedipaké di sakabehsakabéh wewengkon Jepang, teu ngan ukur dina [[tipi]] jeung [[radio]], tapi ogeogé dipakedipaké dina tanda-tana lalu lintas di sakuliah Jepang saperti dina sistim jalan raya, kareta api jeung bandar udara. Para pamuda ilahar makemaké dialek lokal tur basa standar, sanajan dina sababaraha kasus, basa lokal dipangaruhan ku basa standar, jeung versi "standar" Basa Jepang wewengkon ogeogé dipangaruhan ku dialek-lokal.
== Sora ==
{{IPA notice}}
Hurup hirup dina Basa Jepang ngarupakeunmangrupa sora "murni", sarimbag jeung Basa Spanyol, Yunani jeung Itali. Ngan hurup hirup nu teu ilahar nyaetanyaéta hurup hirup luhur {{IPA|/ɯ/}}, nu saperti {{IPA|/u/}}, tapi [[roundedness|dipadetkeun]] ngaganti nu buleud. Basa Jepang mibanda lima hurup hirup, sarta [[vowel length|hurup hirup panjang]] nyaetanyaéta ponetik, mangka mibanda versi pondok jeung versi panjang.
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Some Japanese consonants have several [[allophone]], which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese up to and including the first half of the twentieth century, the phonemic sequence {{IPA|/ti/}} was [[palatalization|palatalized]] and realized phonetically as {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, approximately ''chi''; however, now {{IPA|/ti/}} and {{IPA|/tɕi/}} are distinct, as evidenced by words like ''paatii'' {{IPA|[paatii]}} "party" and ''chi'' {{IPA|[tɕi]}} "ground."
=== Struktur Kalimah ===
Susunan dasar kecap Basa Jepang nyaetanyaéta [[Subject Object Verb|Subyek Obyek Kecap Gawe]]. Subyek, Obyek, jeung hubungan grammatikal ilaharana ditandaan ku [[Japanese particles|partikel]], numana ahiran dina kecap dimodifikasi, sarta saterusna disebut [[postposition]].
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The basic sentence structure is [[topic-comment]]. For example, ''Kochira-wa Tanaka-san desu.'' ''Kochira'' ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by the particle ''-wa''. The verb is ''desu'', a [[copula]], commonly translated as "to be" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"). As a phrase, ''Tanaka-san desu'' is the comment. This sentence loosely translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mr./Mrs./Ms. Tanaka". Thus Japanese, like [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], and many other Asian languages, is often called a [[topic-prominent language]], which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and the two do not always coincide. The sentence ''Zō-wa hana-ga nagai (desu)'' literally means, "As for elephants, (their) noses are long". The topic is ''zō'' "elephant", and the subject is ''hana'' "nose".
=== ''Infleksi'' jeung ''konjugasi'' ===
Kecap barang dina Basa Jepang henteu dumasar boh kana jumlah atawa jenis. Upamana ''hon'' hartina "buku" atawa "buku-buku". Hal ini sacara eksplisit bisa nembongkeun leuwih ti hiji, bisa ku cara nambahkeun jumlahna (biasana makemaké [[Japanese counter word|kecap itungan]]) atawa ku nambahkeun ahiran (jarang dipake). Kecap keur jalma umumna dina harti tunggal. Upamana ''Tanaka-san'' hartina ''Bapa/Ibu Tanaka''. Kecap anu nembongkeun jalma atawa sato nu loba dijieun ku nambahan ahiran kolektip (kecap benda nu nembongkeun loba), saperti ''-tachi''. Kecap saperti ''hitobito'' "jalma", salawasna leuwih ti saurang, kecap benda dina Basa Jepang tanpa awalan boh keur tunggal atawa jamak. ''Hito'' (人) hartina "saurang" atawa "jalma", ''ki'' (木) hartina "satangkal" atawa "tatangkalan" boh keur tunggal atawa jamak.
Kecap gawe nyaetanyaéta [[Japanese verb conjugations|gabungan]] nu nembongkeun "tenses", nu aya dua, nyaetanyaéta: baheula jeung kiwari, atawa lain-baheula, nu dpake keur kiwari jeung nu bakal datang. Kecap gawe ngagambarkeun nu dipilampah, bentuk''-te iru'' nembongkeun terus lumangsung (atawa tacan rengse). Conto sejen parabohan kaayaan, bentuk ''-te iru'' nembongkeun pagaweanpagawéan nu sampuran dipigawe. Contone, ''kite iru'' hartina "Manehna geus datang (tur masih di dieu)", tapi ''tabete iru'' hartina "Manehna keur dahar".
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Teu saperti siga basa kulon, Basa Jepang mibanda sistim gramatikal keur nembongkeun kasopanan jeung resmi.
Nu ilahar dipakedipaké dina Basa Jepang aya tilu tingkatan kasopanan nyaetanyaéta: '''ka sasama''' (''kudaketa'' 砕けた atawa ''futsuu'' 普通), '''ka saluhureun''' (''teineigo'' 丁寧語) sarta '''kanu dipihormat''' (''[[keigo]]'' 敬語).
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Since most relationships are not equal in Japanese [[society]], one person typically has a higher position. This position is determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, or even psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). The person in the lower position is expected to use a polite form of speech, whereas the other might use a more plain form. Strangers will also speak to each other politely. Japanese children rarely use polite speech until they are teens, at which point they are expected to begin speaking in a more adult manner. ''See [[uchi-soto]]''
== Kosa kata ==
Basa Jepang asli atawa basa Jepang nu dianggap asli ti masarakat Jepanga raket pakait jeung bageanbagéan sajarah jeung Jepang kiwari, disebutna ''yamato kotoba'' (大和言葉 atawa 大和詞, contona "kecap-kecap [[Yamato period|Yamato]]"）, nu ku sababaraha konteks kadangkala disebut salaku ''wa-go'' (倭語 atawa 和語, contona "basa [[Wa]]"). Kecap tambahan tina basa asli ieu, kaasup dina Basa Jepang kiwari nu ngawengku sajumlah kecap injeuman tina [[Chinese language|basa Cina]] atawa dijieun tina akar basa Cina ku nuturkeun pola Basa Cina. Kecap-kecap ieu disebutna ''[[Sino-Japanese|kango]]'', nu asup kana basa asli dina abad ka lima belas salila pakait jeung budaya Cina, boh langsung atawa ngaliwatan KoreaKoréa. Dumasar kana sababaraha kira-kira, kecap Basa Cina kurang leuwih aya 70 persen dina kosa kata Basa Jepang modern tur kecap-kecap ieu dipakedipaké dina paguneman.
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Like Latin-derived words in English, ''[[Sino-Japanese|kango]]'' words typically are perceived as somewhat formal or academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. Indeed, it is generally fair to say that an English word derived from Latin/French roots typically corresponds to a Sino-Japanese word in Japanese, whereas a simpler Anglo-Saxon word would best be translated by a Yamato equivalent.
{{utama|Sistim tulis Jepang}}
Samemeh [[abad kalima]], Basa Jepang teu ngobagaan sistim [[tulisan]] sorangan. Basa Jepang mimiti ngasupkeun tina [[tulisan Cina]] kaasup ogeogé sababaraha aspek [[budaya Cina]] sanggeus diwanohkeun ku pandita jeung pangajar [[Korea]] dina abad kalima jeung kagenep masehi.
Mimitina, tulisan Basa Jepang ngagunakeun [[Classical Chinese|Basa Cina klasik]], numana ngaran Jepang digambarkeun ku karakter nu dipakedipaké dumasar kana sora ucap lain kana harti kecapna. Saterusna, ieu prinsip dipakedipaké dina nuliskeun sajak jeung karya sastra Jepang asli, sababaraha kecap ditulis makemaké karakter nu dumasar kana hartina lain kana sora ucap baca Cina. Conto tina campuran ieu nyaetanyaéta [[Kojiki]], nu ditulis dina taun 712 SM. Hal ieu ngarupakeunmangrupa munggaran tina makemaké karakter Cina dina nuliskeun Basa Jepang, disebutna ''man'yōgana'', hiji tulisan nu makemaké karakter CIna keur sora ucap dina ngaruntuykeun kecap Basa Jepang keur diucapkeun unggal kecapna.
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Over time, a writing system evolved. [[Chinese characters]] ([[kanji]]) were used to write either words borrowed from Chinese, or Japanese words with the same or similar meanings. Chinese characters were also used to write grammatical elements, were simplified, and eventually became two syllabic scripts: [[hiragana]] and [[katakana]].
Many major universities throughout the world provide Japanese language courses, and a number of secondary and even primary schools worldwide offer courses in the language. International interest in the Japanese language dates to the 1800s but has become more prevalent following Japan's economic bubble of the 1980s and the global popularity of Japanese pop culture in the 1990s and beyond. About 2.3 million people studied the language worldwide in [[2003]]: 900,000 South Koreans, 389,000 [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]], 381,000 Australians, and 140,000 Americans study Japanese in lower and higher educational institutions. In Japan, more than 90,000 foreign students study at [[List of universities in Japan|Japanese universities]] and Japanese [[language school]]s, including 77,000 Chinese and 15,000 South Koreans in 2003. Furthermore, local governments and some [[NPO]] groups provide free Japanese language classes for foreign residents, including [[Japanese Brazilians]] and foreigners married to Japanese nationals.
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Pamarentah Jepang ngayakeun tes standar keur ngukur kamampu maca jeung nulis Basa Jepang keur pamake basa kadua: nu pangilaharna nyaetanyaéta [[Japanese Language Proficiency Test]] (JLPT). Japanese External Trade Organization [[JETRO]] ngayakeun ''Business Japanese Proficiency Test'', keur nguji kamampu pangaweruh Basa Jepang keur kaperluan bisnis.
== Tempo oge ==
* Chafe, William L. (1976). Giveness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In C. Li (Ed.), ''Subject and topic'' (pp. 25–56). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-447350-4.
* Kuno, Susumu. (1973). ''The structure of the Japanese language''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-11049-0.
* Kuno, Susumu. (1976). Subject, theme, and the speakerspéaker's empathy: A re-examination of relativization phenomena. In Charles N. Li (Ed.), ''Subject and topic'' (pp. 417–444). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-447350-4.
* Martin, Samuel E. (1975). ''A reference grammar of Japanese''. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01813-4.
* McClain, Yoko Matsuoka. (1981). ''Handbook of modern Japanese grammar:'' 口語日本文法便覧 ''[Kōgo Nihon bumpō]''. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press. ISBN 4-590-00570-0; ISBN 0-89346-149-0.
* Miller, Roy. (1967). ''The Japanese language''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Miller, Roy. (1980). ''Origins of the Japanese language: Lectures in Japan during the academic year, 1977-78''. SeattleSéattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95766-2.
* Mizutani, Osamu; & Mizutani, Nobuko. (1987). ''How to be polite in Japanese:'' 日本語の敬語 ''[Nihongo no keigo]''. Tokyo: Japan Times. ISBN 4-7890-0338-8; ISBN 4-7890-0338-9.
* Shibatani, Masayoshi. (1990). Japanese. In B. Comrie (Ed.), ''The major languages of east and south-east Asia''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04739-0.
* Shibamoto, Janet S. (1985). ''Japanese women's language''. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-640030-X. Graduate Level
* Tsujimura, Natsuko. (1996). ''An introduction to Japanese linguistics''. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19855-5 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19856-3 (pbk). Upper Level Textbooks
* Tsujimura, Natsuko. (Ed.) (1999). ''The handbook of Japanese linguistics''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20504-7. Readingsréadings/Anthologies
[[Kategori:Basa Jepang| ]]
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