Kaféin

Kaféin atawa nyaéta hiji sanyawa alkaloid stimulan psikoaktif, kapanggih ku kimiawan Jérman Friedrich Ferdinand Runge taun 1819 (anjeunna ngistilahkeun kaffein, zat kimia anu aya dina kopi)^[1]. Ieu zat téh ogé bagian tina campuran kimia guaranin nu aya dina guarana, matéin nu aya dina maté, jeung téin nu aya dina entéh; kabéhanana ngandung alkaloid lian kayaning téofilin jeung téobromin, stimulan jantung^[2].

Kaféin dikandung dina kacang/siki, daun, jeung buah kalawan kadar anu béda-béda. Gunana taya lian pikeun péstisida alami nu maralisis jeung bisa maéhan serangga nu ngahakan éta tutuwuhan. Sumber kaféin pikeun manusa biasana diala tina ékstrak siki kopi jeung daun Camellia sinensis, sarta kadaharan/inuman nu ngandung produk turunan siki kola.

Pikeun awak manusa, kaféin téh stimulan sistem saraf puseur, nu balukarna sacara samentara bisa ngaleungitkeun rasa tunduh sarta ngaronjatkeun kawaspadaan. Kiwari, kaféin jadi zat psikoaktif nu panglobana dikonsumsi, utamana ku sabab ieu zat mah teu dicaram konsumsina. Di Amérika Kalér, unggal poé 90% sawawa ngonsumsi kaféin^[3]. Badan POM AS (FDA) ngadaptar kaféin salaku "multiple purpose generally recognized as safe food substance" (zat kadaharan multiguna nu sacara umum aman)^[4].

Kaféin mibanda pasipatan diurétik, sahanteuna mun dibikeun ka nu teu toléran obat kalawan dosis anu cukup^[5]. Sabalikna, pikeun nu geus biasa ngonsumsi mah toléransina beuki luat^[5], sarta teu ngabalukarkeun déhidrasi^[6]^[7]^[8]

Rujukan

↑ "caffeine - Definitions from Dictionary.com". Diakses tanggal 2009-08-03.
↑ Balentine D. A., Harbowy M. E. and Graham H. N. (1998). G Spiller, ed. Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage. Caffeine.
↑ Lovett, Richard (24 Séptémber 2005). "Coffee: The demon drink?" (fee required). New Scientist (2518). http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725181.700. Diakses pada 2009-08-03.
↑ "21 CFR 182.1180". U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. U.S. Office of the Federal Register. 2003-04-01. p. 462. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-03.
↑ ^a ^b Griffin, R. J. (2003). "Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review". Journal of human nutrition and dietetics 16 (6): 411. doi:10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00477.x.
↑ "Really? The Claim: Caffeine Causes Dehydration". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/health/nutrition/04real.html?_r=1. Diakses pada 2009-08-03
↑ Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Ganio MS (2007). "Caffeine, fluid-electrolyte balance, temperature regulation, and exercise-heat tolerance". Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 35 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3180a02cc1. PMID 17620932. (Review article)
↑ Armstrong LE, Pumerantz AC, Roti MW, Judelson DA, Watson G, Dias JC, Sokmen B, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Lieberman H, Kellogg M. (2005). "Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption". Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 15 (3): 252–265. PMID 16131696. (Placebo controlled randomized clinical trial)

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[1] "caffeine - Definitions from Dictionary.com". Diakses tanggal 2009-08-03.

[Ref-1-2] Balentine D. A., Harbowy M. E. and Graham H. N. (1998). G Spiller, ed. Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage. Caffeine.

[demon_drink-3] Lovett, Richard (24 Séptémber 2005). "Coffee: The demon drink?" (fee required). New Scientist (2518). http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725181.700. Diakses pada 2009-08-03.

[GRAS-4] "21 CFR 182.1180". U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. U.S. Office of the Federal Register. 2003-04-01. p. 462. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-03.

[diuretic-5] Griffin, R. J. (2003). "Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review". Journal of human nutrition and dietetics 16 (6): 411. doi:10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00477.x.

[really-6] "Really? The Claim: Caffeine Causes Dehydration". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/health/nutrition/04real.html?_r=1. Diakses pada 2009-08-03

[armstrong2007-7] Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Ganio MS (2007). "Caffeine, fluid-electrolyte balance, temperature regulation, and exercise-heat tolerance". Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 35 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3180a02cc1. PMID 17620932. (Review article)

[armstrong2005-8] Armstrong LE, Pumerantz AC, Roti MW, Judelson DA, Watson G, Dias JC, Sokmen B, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Lieberman H, Kellogg M. (2005). "Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption". Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 15 (3): 252–265. PMID 16131696. (Placebo controlled randomized clinical trial)

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