S (basa pamrograman)

verizoye S nyaéta basa program statistik nu mimiti dijieun ku John Chambers sarta (dina versi saterusna ) Rick Becker jeung Allan Wilks di Laboratorium Bell. Perluna ieu basa, dijéntrékeun ku John Chambers, nyaéta "keur ngasupkeun ide kana parangkat lunak, gancang jeung bisa dipercaya".

Kiwari aya dua S dina pamakéan; pamakéan bébas, R, tur pamakéan komersil, Insightful's S-PLUS. Versi 4 tina S, biasa disingkat S4, nembongkeun tampilan obyek nu leuwih hadé ti versi saméméhna. S4 bener-bener béda jeung S3.

Sajarah

"S Heubeul"

S salah sahiji tina sababaraha basa komputer statistik nu dijieun ku Laboratorium Bell, sarta mimiti dijieun antara taun 1975-1976. Nepi ka kiwari, lolobana komputerisasi dina statistik digawekeun ku cara ngageroan langsung subrutinFortran; ku sabab kitu, S dirancang salaku alternatif jeung leuwih interaktif. Rarancang panungtung nu dipaké kiwari kaasup sarana grafik interaktif (printer tur karakter dina waktu nu sarua), sarta keur ngagampangkeun akses dokumen keur fungsi.

Versi munggaran S dijieun dina taun 1976, tur dioperasikeun maké sistim GCOS. Dina waktu harita, S can boga ngaran, tur kaasup kana Interactive SCS (ISCS), Statistical Computing System, jeung Statistical Analysis System (nu tiheula dipaké: tempo SAS System). Ngaran 'S' (dipaké mimiti dina taun 1979) nu dipilih keur nembongkeun huruf ilahar nu dipaké dina komputerisasi statistik, sarta pengkuh tina rarancang basa program séjén ti lembaga nu sarua dina waktu nu saraua (nyaéta basa program C).

Waktu UNIX/32V geus maké (saterusna nu anyar) DEC VAX 32-bit, komputerisasi dina platform UNIX jadi bisa dipaké keur S. Dina ahir taun 1979, S geus pindah ti GCOS ka UNIX, nu cikal bakal platform utama.

Dina taun 1980, S versi munggaran mimiti disalabarkeun di luar Laboratorium Bell, sarta dina taun 1981, versi sumber geus aya. Dina taun 1984 dua buku geus dicetak ku tim panalungtik ti Laboratorium Bell: S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics^[1] (1984 Brown Book) tur Extending the S System^[2]. Dina taun 1984 kode sumber keur S ditangtayungan ku AT&T Software Sales keur kaperluan pangajaran jeung komersil.

"S Anyar"

Dina taun 1988, loba parobahan dina S tur basa syntax-na. The New S Language^[3] (1988 Blue Book) dicitak keur ngawanohkeun tampilan anyar ieu, saperti transisi ti macros kana functions sarta kumaha hiji fungsi bisa dipaké keur fungsi séjén (saperti apply). Loba parobahan dina basa S saperti ngalegaan konsép "obyek", sarta maké syntax leuwih tegep (tur teges). Sanajan kitu, loba pamake nu nyebutkeun pindahna kana S Anyar hal nu hese, sabab merlukeun macro ditulis deui. Parobahan séjénna nyaéta maké alat grafik X11 jeung PostScript, ditulis dina sababaraha fungsi jero tina Fortran ka C, sarta maké double precision (ngan) keur aritmetika. Basa S Anyar ampir sarua jeung nu dipaké dina S-PLUS versi ayeuna jeung R.

Dina taun 1991, Statistical Models in S^[4] (1991 White Book) geus dicitak, nu ngawanohkeun pikeun maké notasi-rumus^[5] (nu maké tanda '~'), obyek data frame, jeung modifikasi kuer maké metode jeung kelas obyek.

Rujukan

↑ Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984). S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 053403313X.
↑ Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985). Extending the S System. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0534050166.
↑ Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M., and Wilks, A.R. (1988). The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 053409192X.
↑ Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991). Statistical Models in S. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. pp. pp. 624. ISBN 0412052911. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
↑ Wilkinsons, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). "Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance". Applied Statistics 22 (3): 392–399. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9254%281973%2922%3A3%3C392%3ASDOFMF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6. Diakses pada 2007-02-20.

Tumbu kaluar

The R programming language, - Open Source implementation of S
A Brief History of S^{[tumbu nonaktif]}, by Richard A. Becker (in PostScript format)
Evolution of the S Language^{[tumbu nonaktif]}, by John M. Chambers, discusses the new féatures in Version 4 of S (in PostScript format - plain text^{[tumbu nonaktif]} available in Google's cache.)
Stages in the Evolution of S Archived 2008-05-27 di Wayback Machine, by John M. Chambers

Artikel ngeunaan komputer ieu mangrupa taratas, perlu disampurnakeun. Upami sadérék uninga langkung paos perkawis ieu, dihaturan kanggo ngalengkepan.

[1] Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984). S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 053403313X.

[2] Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985). Extending the S System. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0534050166.

[3] Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M., and Wilks, A.R. (1988). The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 053409192X.

[4] Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991). Statistical Models in S. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. pp. pp. 624. ISBN 0412052911. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)

[5] Wilkinsons, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). "Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance". Applied Statistics 22 (3): 392–399. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9254%281973%2922%3A3%3C392%3ASDOFMF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6. Diakses pada 2007-02-20.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]