Gunung Uturunku
Gunung Uturunku atawa Uturuncu nyaéta hiji gunung anu aya di Bolivia. Gunung ieu miboga tingkat kaluhuran 6.008 méter di luhureun beungeut sagara.[2][3] Ieu gunung geus teu bitu deui ti 250 rébu taun ka tukang.[3]
| Uturunku | |
|---|---|
 Uturunku di Bolivia, 16 Nopémber 2006 | |
| Titik pangluhurna | |
| Luhurna | 6,008 metres (19,711 ft) |
| Kadaptar di | Daptar gunung di Bolivia |
| Koordinat | 22°16′12″S 67°10′48″W / 22.27000°S 67.18000°WKoordinat: 22°16′12″S 67°10′48″W / 22.27000°S 67.18000°W [1] |
| Panamaan | |
| Tarjamahan | Jaguar |
| Basa ti nama | Quechua |
| Géografi | |
| Lokasi | Munisipalitas San Pablo de Lípez, Propinsi Sur Lípez, Departemén Potosí, Bolivia |
| Pagunungan induk | Cordillera de Lípez |
| Geologi | |
| Umur batuan | Pléistosén |
| Jenis gunung | Gunung seuneu corong |
| Médan vulkanik | Komplék vulkanik Altiplano–Puna |
| Bitu pangahirna | 250.000 taun ka tukang. |
Géologi
éditRégional
éditSubduksi ka arah wétan ti Lémpéng Nazca di handapeun Lémpéng Amérika Kidul geus ngahasilkeun tilu beubeur vulkanik di Pagunungan Andés, [4] kaasup Zona Vulkanik Tengah [1] anu manjang ti Péru, Chili, Bolivia, nepi ka Argéntina [5] dan termasuk Uturuncu.[6] Salian ti gunung Uturunku, beubeur vulkanik ieu ngawengku kira-kira 69 gunung seuneu Holocene di tempat anu luhur,[7] kaasup gunung seuneu anu boga poténsi pikeun aktip saperti Gunung Irruputunku, Olca-Paruma, Aucanquilcha, Ollagüe, Azufre, San Pedro, Putana, Sairecabur, Sairecabur, Guayaques, Colachi, sarta Acamarachi. [8]
Komposisi jeung asal usul magma
éditGunung Uturunku kungsi ngaluarkeun dasit[1] sarta andésit dina wangun inklusi dina dasit. Batuanna nyaéta vésikular [1] atawa porphyric sarta ngandung fenokris biosit, clinopyroxene, [ [hornblende]], ilmenit, magnetit, orthopyroxene, plagioclase sarta kuarsa [9][1] bareng jeung apatit, monazite jeung zircon dina riolit taneuh,[10] sarta kalium anu beunghar ku kalk-alkalin. [1] Senolit anu diwangun tina gneiss, batuan beku jeung norit ogé kapanggih di dieu,[11] di mana dua yang pertama tampaknya berasal dari batu-batuan nagara [1] sedengkeun anu katilu nyaéta produk tina prosés nyieun magma.[1] Salian ti éta, numpukna gabbro, hornfels, batu kapur jeung batu pasir minangka xenolith.[1]
Prosés panyampuran anu naglibatkeun magma anu leuwih panas atawa anu leuwih mafic boga lakon dina asal-usul batuan Uturunku,[1] saperti halna prosés kristalisasi fraksional[12] sarta kontaminasi jeung batuan gerak.[13] Asal usul magma ieu sigana aya patalina jeung tubuh magmatik Altiplano-Puna, anu ngahasilkeun magma anu lééh liwat diférénsiasi basal magma pertama ka andesit jeung tilu ka dasar[1] saacan dipindahkeun ka kerak anu déét di handapeun gunung Uturunku, tuluy ti tempat éta, gunung bitu[1] liwat daya apung-prosés anu ngagantung.[14] Komposisi magma geus stabil salila sajarah gunung seuneu ieu.[15][16]
Wewengkon sabudeureun gunung
éditGunung Uturunku geus kawangun kira-kira 100 kilometres (62 mi) beulah wétan ti bagian hareup vulkanik utama di Cordillera Kulon, di médan anu diwangun ku batuan vulkanik jeung sédimén Miosén nepi ka Kuarter.[1] Wewengkon ieu ditandaan ku Altiplano dataran luhur, anu ngahontal tingkat kaluhuran 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)[17] sarta dina hal diménsi ngan bisa kaéléhkeun ku Tibet.[18]
8,41 juta taun Vilama sarta 5,65 juta taun Guacha jadi dadasar gunung seuneu ieu [9][19] sedengkeun lava Vilama anu umurna 4 juta taun kapanggih di beulah kidul-kulon gunung Uturunku sarta sabagian kakubur ku ieu gunung.[20] kerak di wilayah ieu kandelna kira-kira 65 kilometres (40 mi).[21] Aktivitas vulkanik di wewengkon ieu kajadian antara 15 jeung 10 juta taun ka tukang.[22]
Glasiasi
éditKiwari, Gunung Uturunku teu boga glétser.[23] Ngan, és abadi kungsi aya sarta dilaporkeun di taun 1956,[24] ayana salju sporadis di taun 1994,[25] sarta aréa puncak anu kadang katutup ku es.[26] Sabalikna, bukti glasiasi baheula saperti landeuh glasial,[27][28] [27] jeung Roches Moutonnées [29] kapanggih di beulah kalér, wétan, jeung kiduleun gunung.[30] Glasiasi jaman baheula di Gunung Uturunku henteu lega teuing, ku sabab sisi-sisi gunung anu nurugtug. Salah sahiji landeuh di beulah kidul-kulon gunung geus jadi sasaran studi glasiologi, [31] anu ngidéntifikasi urut glétser [29] anu asalna tina puncak sarta ti aréa kira-kira 05 kilometres (3.1 mi) di kiduleun puncak.
Glétser anu ngan boga érosi lemah [29] nyimpen lima set nepi ka 5 metres (16 ft) morain tinggi di jero landeuh; anu pangpendékna antara tingkat kaluhuran 4,800–4,850 metres (15,750–15,910 ft)[29] sarta mangrupa hasil ti glasial maksimum panungtung antara 65.000 jeung 37.000 taun ka tukang, leuwih awal ti glasial panungtung global. Saenggeus kitu, henteu loba anu kajadian nepi ka 18.000 tahun ka tukang.[32]
Sabalikna, anu paling kaciri tina morain kira-kira 16.000 - 14.000 taun sata aya patalina jeung glasial di Altiplano anu geus aya korélasi jeung pertumbuhan maksimum ti Situ Tauca[33] anu aya di kaléreun gunung Uturunku dan iklim baseuh jeung tiris anu pakait jeung dengan Heinrich event 1.[34] Di waktu nu sarua, [35] 17.000 - 13.000 taun ka tukang, gurat basisir kawangun di sabudeureun situ anu ngurilingan Uturunku; [36] Danau Tauca mungkin jadi sumber uap cai pikeun gunung Uturunku. Saengeusna, 14.000 glétser surt, bareng jeung naghaneutanana iklim sarta Pamanasan Bolling-Allerod tuluy wewengkon ieu jadi leuwih garing.[34]
Wisata
éditGunung Uturunku biasana sok ditaékan pikeun wisata. Biasana, tur ka gunung ieu sok bareng jeung tur ka tempat-tempat séjén di Bolivia.[37][38]
Galéri
édit-
Puncak gunung Uturunku -
Gunung Uturunku
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Tingali ogé
éditRujukan
édit- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Folkes, Chris B.; Humphreys, Madeleine C. S.; Barfod, Daniel N.; Clavero, Jorge; Sunagua, Mayel C.; McNutt, Stephen R.; Pritchard, Matthew E. (1 June 2008). "Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Volcanic unrest due to mid-crustal magma intrusion" (dalam bahasa en). American Journal of Science 308 (6): 727–769. Bibcode 2008AmJS..308..727S. doi:10.2475/06.2008.01. ISSN 0002-9599. http://www.giseis.alaska.edu/Input/steve/PUBS/Sparks_et_al_AJS_low.pdf. Archived 26 Juni 2010 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Uturuncu". PeakVisor. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-05.
- ↑ a b "Global Volcanism Program | Uturuncu". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-05.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2019, p. 59.
- ↑ McFarlin et al. 2018, p. 50.
- ↑ Sparks et al. 2008, p. 728.
- ↑ Henderson & Pritchard 2013, p. 1358.
- ↑ Sparks et al. 2008, p. 729.
- ↑ a b Muir et al. 2014, p. 750.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2014, p. 5.
- ↑ Sparks et al. 2008, p. 737.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2014, p. 20.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2015, p. 71.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2015, p. 80.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2014, p. 16.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2015, p. 74.
- ↑ Comeau, Unsworth & Cordell 2016, p. 1391.
- ↑ Salisbury et al. 2011, p. 822.
- ↑ Salisbury et al. 2011, p. 832.
- ↑ Muir et al. 2015, p. 60.
- ↑ Comeau, Tidak Dinilai & Cordell 2016, p. 1391.
- ↑ Walter & Motagh 2014, p. 464.
- ↑ Blard et al. 2014, p. 210.
- ↑ Ahlfeld 1956, p. 128.
- ↑ Schäbitz & Liebricht 1999, p. 109.
- ↑ Wilken 2017, p. 68.
- ↑ a b Muir et al. 2015, p. 65.
- ↑ Schäbitz & Liebricht 1999, p. 113.
- ↑ a b c d Blard et al. 2014, p. 211.
- ↑ Sparks et al. 2008, p. 731.
- ↑ Blar d et al. 2014, p. 210.
- ↑ Alcalá-Reygosa 2017, p. 652.
- ↑ Blard et al. 2014, p. 216.
- ↑ a b Blard et al. 2014, p. 219.
- ↑ Perkins et al. 2016, p. 1086.
- ↑ Perkins et al. 2016, p. 1088.
- ↑ "Uturuncu : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-08.
- ↑ "Uturunku Travel – Tour Operator & Agency" (dalam Spanish). Diakses tanggal 2020-02-08. Archived 2019-09-09 di Wayback Machine
Sumber
édit- Ahlfeld, L.P. Von Friedrich (1956). "Sodaseen in Lipez (Bolivien)" (dalam bahasa de). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte 128.
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- Kern, Jamie M.; Silva, Shanaka L. de; Schmitt, Axel K.; Kaiser, Jason F.; Iriarte, A. Rodrigo; Economos, Rita (1 August 2016). "Geochronological imaging of an episodically constructed subvolcanic batholith: U-Pb in zircon chronochemistry of the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes" (dalam bahasa en). Geosphere 12 (4): 1054–1077. Bibcode 2016Geosp..12.1054K. doi:10.1130/GES01258.1.
- Kukarina, Ekaterina; West, Michael; Keyson, Laura Hutchinson; Koulakov, Ivan; Tsibizov, Leonid; Smirnov, Sergey (1 December 2017). "Focused magmatism beneath Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Insights from seismic tomography and deformation modeling" (dalam bahasa en). Geosphere 13 (6): 1855–1866. Bibcode 2017Geosp..13.1855K. doi:10.1130/GES01403.1.
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- Muir, Duncan D.; Blundy, Jon D.; Hutchinson, Michael C.; Rust, Alison C. (20 February 2014). "Petrological imaging of an active pluton beneath Cerro Uturuncu, Bolivia" (dalam bahasa en). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 167 (3): 980. Bibcode 2014CoMP..167..980M. doi:10.1007/s00410-014-0980-z. ISSN 1432-0967.
- Muir, Duncan D.; Blundy, Jon D.; Rust, Alison C.; Hickey, James (1 April 2014). "Experimental Constraints on Dacite Pre-eruptive Magma Storage Conditions beneath Uturuncu Volcano" (dalam bahasa en). Journal of Petrology 55 (4): 749–767. Bibcode 2014JPet...55..749M. doi:10.1093/petrology/egu005. ISSN 0022-3530. https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/55/4/749/1396478.
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- Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Folkes, Chris B.; Humphreys, Madeleine C. S.; Barfod, Daniel N.; Clavero, Jorge; Sunagua, Mayel C.; McNutt, Stephen R.; Pritchard, Matthew E. (1 June 2008). "Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Volcanic unrest due to mid-crustal magma intrusion" (dalam bahasa en). American Journal of Science 308 (6): 727–769. Bibcode 2008AmJS..308..727S. doi:10.2475/06.2008.01. ISSN 0002-9599. http://www.giseis.alaska.edu/Input/steve/PUBS/Sparks_et_al_AJS_low.pdf. Archived 26 Juni 2010 di Wayback Machine
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- Wilken, Thomas (2017). Bolivien: Die schönsten Wanderungen und Trekkingrouten. 52 Touren (dalam German). Bergverlag Rother GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7633-4365-2.