Mara
| Mara | |
|---|---|
| |
| Mahang damar, Macaranga triloba tumbuh liar di Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor | |
| Status konservasi | |
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
| |
| Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
| Karajaan: | |
| Divisi: | |
| Kelas: | |
| Ordo: | |
| Kulawarga: | |
| Génus: | |
| Spésiés: | Macaranga triloba
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| Ngaran binomial | |
| Macaranga triloba | |
| Sinonim | |
Sinonim selengkapnya: The Plant List[3] | |
Mara ngaran ilmiahna nyaéta Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull. Arg. [4][5][6]Ngaran séjénna dina bahasa Indonesia sareng Ambon nyaéta hanuwa.[4][5][6] Ari bahasa Jawana nyaéta tutup ancur.[4][5][6]
Hirup ngarungkun loba kapanggih di leuweung sekunder.[7] Kaina hipu, kelirna bodas méh teubisa dimangpaatkeu pikeun parabot sumawona bahan bangunan. Daun jeung buahna ngahasilkeun tanin; kawas geutah, baheula dimangpaatken pikeun ubar tradisional.[7]
Ngaran daérah
éditTangkal mara mibanda ngaran daérah, saperti:, sapé (Mink.); mara, mara beureum, mara bodas, mara leutik (Sd.); tutup ancur, tutup ijo, tutup sruwa (Jw.).[8]
Tempat Sumebar
éditTatangkalan ieu sumebar di Andaman jeung Nicobar, sareng ti Indochina ka Cina, Taiwan, pulau Ryukyu, Thailand, sakuliah wewengkon Malaysia, ka Australia kaler jeung Melanesia.[4][5][6]
Macaranga triloba nyebar lega ti mimiti Semenanjung Malaya (kaasup di jerona wilayah Thailand), Sumatra (kaasup Bangka), Jawa, nepi ka Filipina (Palawan, Sulu); ngan henteu kapanggih di pulo Kalimantan.[9]
Kai kesed ieu kagolongkeun kana tutuwuhan pionir anu ngeusian leuweung sekunder; tangkal tumuwuhna mimiti ti landeuh nepika tonggoh kurang leuwih 1.400 m dpl. Mara hirup dina rupa-rupa kaayaan habitat, kaasup dina leuweung dipterokarpa taneuh garing, sisi-sisi leuweung rawa, jeung ogé mangrupa salah sahiji tina saeutik mara anu bisa hirup dina leuweung anu usum-usum mindeng kahalodoan .[9]
M. triloba kagolong kana mara anu bisa simbiosis (mutualisme) jeung sireum; dina ieu kaayaan sireum-sireum tina marga Crematogaster subg. Decacrema.[7] tutuwuhan ieu nyadiakeun lolongkrang di jero régangna, disebut domatia, anu bisa dipaké nyumput ku sireum .[7] sagigireun ti éta, M. triloba ogé ngahasilkeun hiji substansi anu mibanda nutrisi (dipikawanoh : food body) pikeun kahakanan sireum; ilaharna diproduksi dina sisi daun salumpit/penumpu anu melengkung.[7] Ie ogé ngadatangkeun kauntungan pikeun tangkal mara dina nyingkahkeun hama jeung herbivor alatan ayana sireum-sireum anu ngagembrong, dina waktuna baris milu nyerang ka singsaha waé anu ngaganggu kana tangkal anu dicicinganna.[7][10]
Kagunaan
éditPikeun framing lampu, molding, kasus packing, outriggers pikeun canoes.[4] [5][6]Ogé dipaké ubar tradisional, babakan dipaké pikeun disentri jeung daun pikeun pewarna.[4][5][6]
Mara ngahasilkeun kai anu hampang BJ 0,45; dina kakuatan bisa digolongkeun kana kelas III sarta dina awét dipaké kelas V.[11] Kai mara henteu loba dimangpaatekun; paling-paling dipaké suluh jeung turus pepelakan,[8] [11]
Mara ngahasilkeun geutah gom (kawas resin) anu cepel ieu bisa dimangpaatekun pikeun nyieun lém, sarta tanin.[8][11] Heyne dumasar catetan nu aya baheula di Bogor,cai godogan daun jeung buah mara beureum ieu dipaké pikeun ngubaran murus; meureun alatan lobana zat penyamak anu dipibanda.[8] Panalungtikan sababaraha taun katukang dipikanyaho yén daun mara mibanda kimia anu dipercaya bisa nyingkahan kanker.[12]
Tempo ogé
édit
- Smith, W. 1903. "Macaranga triloba: a new myrmecophilous plant". New Phytologist 2(4-5): 79-82, fig. 1-13.
- Baker, J.A. 1934. "Notes on the biology of Macaranga spp." Garden's Bulletin, Straits Settlement vol. VIII(1): 63-8, pl. XI-XV.
- Fiala, B., U. Maschwitz, & Y-P. Tha. 1991. "The association between Macaranga trees and ants in southeast Asia".[tumbu nonaktif] in E.R. Huxley & D.F. Cutler (Eds.) Ant-Plant Interactions: 263–70. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
- Fiala, B., & U. Maschwitz. 1991. "Extrafloral nectaries in the genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) in Malaysia: comparative studies of their possible significance as predispositions for myrmecophytism". Botanical Journal of The Linnean Society, vol. 44(4): 287-305. (DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00621.x) (abstrak)
- Fiala, B., & U. Maschwitz. 1992. "Food bodies and their significance for obligate ant-association in the tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)". Botanical Journal of The Linnean Society, vol. 110(1): 61-75. (DOI. 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00416.x) (abstrak)
- Davies, SJ., SKY. Lum, R. Chan, & LK. Wang. 2001. "Evolution of myrmecophytism in Western Malesian Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)". Evolution, 55(8): 1542-59. (DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00674.x). (abstrak)
- Prabawa, SB. 2002. "Some physical and mechanical properties of glue laminated mahang wood (Macaranga triloba)". (abstrak Archived 2016-11-08 di Wayback Machine pada AGRIS, FAO)
Dicutat tina
édit- ↑ Candolle, A. de. 1866. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis ... pars 15(2): 989. Parisii :Victoris Masson &f.
- ↑ Thunberg, CP. 1815. Dissertatio de Ricino: 6. Upsaliae :Excudebant Zeipel et Palmblad.
- ↑ The Plant List: Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll.Arg. Archived 2023-08-04 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ a b c d e f Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (2003). Plant resources of south-east Asia. Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands.: Medicinal and poisonous plants 3.
- ↑ a b c d e f Prawira, R.S.A. (1976). Daftar nama pohon-pohonan Jawa – Madura (I) Jawa Barat. bogor Indonesia: Bagian Botani Hutan Lembaga Penelitian Hutan.
- ↑ a b c d e f Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T. and Prawirohatmodjo, S (1998). Plant resources of south-east Asia. Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands.: Timber trees: Lesser-known timbers.
- ↑ a b c d e f Heil, M., B. Fiala, KE. Linsenmair, G. Zotz, P. Menke, & U. Maschwitz. 1997. "Food body production in Macaranga triloba (Euphorbiaceae): a plant investment in anti-herbivore defence via symbiotic ant partners". Journal of Ecology 85: 847-61. (abstrak)
- ↑ a b c d Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia 2: 1166. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan.
- ↑ a b Whitmore, T.C. et al. (nd). "67. Macaranga". in: Malesian Euphorbiaceae Descriptions of Flora Malesiana (Prodromus).
- ↑ Heil, M., A. Hilpert, B. Fiala, R. bin Hashim, E. Strohm, G. Zotz, & KE. Linsenmair. 2002. "Nutrient allocation of Macaranga triloba ant plants to growth, photosynthesis and indirect defence". Functional Ecology 16: 475-83. (abstrak)
- ↑ a b c Sastrapradja, S., K. Kartawinata, U. Soetisna, Roemantyo, H. Wiriadinata, & S. Soekardjo. 1979. Kayu Indonesia. Seri LBN 14: 74-5. Bogor:Lembaga Biologi Nasional, LIPI.
- ↑ Jang, DS., M. Cuendet, AD. Pawlus, LB. Kardono, K. Kawanishi, NR. Farnsworth, HH. Fong, JM. Pezzuto, & AD. Kinghorn. 2004. "Potential cancer chemopreventive constituents of the leaves of Macaranga triloba". Phytochemistry, 65(3): 345-50 (Feb 2004). (abstrak)
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