Mayas
| Orang utan[1] | |
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| Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
| Karajaan: | |
| Filum: | |
| Kelas: | |
| Ordo: | |
| Kulawarga: | |
| Subfamili: | Ponginae Elliot, 1912
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| Génus: | Pongo Lacépéde, 1799
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| Type species | |
| Simia pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760
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| Spésiés | |
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| Sebaran orang utan | |
Mayas/mawas (Dayak), atawa Orang utan (urang leuweung) nujul ka tilu spésiés kera gedé ku kawentar ku kapinteranana, panjang leungeun jeung bulu coklat semu beureum. Ieu sato pituin ti Indonésia jeung Malaysia, hirupna ngan di leuweung hujan di pulo Kalimantan jeung Sumatra, najan aya ogé fosilna nu kapanggih di Jawa, Viétnam, jeung Cina. Tilu spésiés ieu mangrupa sésa ti genus Pongo jeung subfamili Ponginae (nu ogé ngawengku genera Gigantopithecus jeung Sivapithecus nu geus lastari). Sebutan 'orang utan' asalna tina basa Malayu.[2]
Orang utan mangrupa kera gedé nu paling arboréal, sapanjang hirupna ampir salawasna cicing dina tatangkalan. Unggal peuting maranéhna nyieun sayang tina catang jeung dangdaunnan pikeun saré. Hirupna nyorangan leuwih ti kera lianna, jalu jeung bikangna ukur panggih dina mangsa kawin. Anak orang utan diasuh terus ku indungna nepi ka disapih umur 6-7 taun. Tina dedeganana, jalu jeung bikang bisa dibédakeun. Nu jalu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,8 m kalawan beurat 100 kg, sedengkeun nu bikang leuwih leutik: jangkungna 1,3 m, beuratna 45 kg[3]. Jalu nu geus kolot bisa kaciri tina pipina nu mébér jeung buluna nu leuwih paranjang.
Paripolah jeung basa
éditTeu béda ti kera gedé lianna, orang utan téh pinter. Nuturkeun simpanseu nu kungsi karékam maké pakakas ku Jane Goodall taun 1960-an, tengah taun 1990-an kapanggih hiji populasi orang utan nu ilahar ngagunakeun pakakas pikeun dahar. Hiji makalah taun 2003 di jurnal Science medarkeun 'kabudayaan' orang utan[4].
Dina Encyclopedia Britannica disebutkeun yén program ulikan basa orang utan munggaran dipingpin ku Dr. Francine Néago taun 1988. Proyék basa orang utan di Smithsonian National Zoo di Washington, D.C. ngagunakeun sistem komputer nu asalna dimekarkeun di UCLA ku Néago dibantu ku IBM[5].
Najan umumna mah pasif, orang utan sok ogé ganggu ka nu lianna. Jalu nu can sawawa bakal nyoba jalangan jeung bikang mana waé, nu biasana bisa hasil mun jeung bikang nu sarua can sawawa. Bikang nu geus sawawa mah biasana ngusir jalu nu can sawawa, sabab leuwih suka jalangan jeung jalu nu geus sawawa. Orang utan liar kanyahoan sok ngadatangan patempatan nu dieusi manusa pikeun nyiar anak orang utan nunggelis nu dileupaskeun tina inguan, sigana mah pikeun ngaping sangkan bisa balik deui hirup di alam liar.
Orang utan sigana mah kagolongkeun sato nu sok ngilu mencarkeun sababaraha spésiés tutuwuhan, kaasup Strychnos ignatii nu ngandung alkaloid strihnina nu toksik[6]. Racunna teu mangaruhan orang utan, iwal ukur nambahan produksi ciduhna.
Spésiés
édit- Genus Pongo [1]
- Orang utan Kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus - populasi kalér-ngulon
- Pongo pygmaeus morio - populasi kalér-ngétan jeung wétan
- Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii - populasi kidul-ngulon
- Orang utan Sumatra (P. abelii)
- Pongo tapanuliensis
- Orang utan Kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Orang utan téh tadina mah digolongkeun kana dua subspésiés Kalimantan jeung Sumatra, tapi ayeuna mah kanyahoan yén di Sumatra waé aya tilu subspésiés. Aya ogé nu boga pamanggih yén subspésiés wurmbii téh sarua jeung nu di Sumatra (P. abelii). Mun enya, spésiés nu dihasilkeun téh bakal disebut Pongo wurmbii, luyu jeung ngaran heubeulna[rujukan?].
Fosil nu kapanggih di Viétnam asup kana spésiés P. hooijeri, sedengkeun nu lianna nu kapanggih di sababaraha wewengkon di Asia kidul-ngétan mah masih diadurényomkeun, naha asup ka P. pygmaeus, P. abeli, atawa spésiés anu béda deui.
Status konservasi
édit
Numutkeun Daptar Beureum IUCN mamalia, spésiés orang utan di Kalimantan geus kaancam lastari[7], komo deui nu di Sumatra geus kritis pisan[8], sarta kadaptar dina Appendix I CITES. Populasi Kalimantan di alam liar kiwari aya 50 rébuan, sedengkeun di Sumatra kira ukur 7000-7500. Orang utan dijadikeun sato nagara resmi di Sabah, Malaysia.
Habitat orang utan loba diruksak ku kagiatan pertambangan, nuaran kai jeung kahuruan leuweung nu beuki ngagalaksak[9], utamana mah alatan dirobahna leuweung tropis jadi kebon kalapa sawit[10]. Sababaraha élmuwan PBB manghariwangkeun yén kagiatan kebon sawit ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun lastarina orang utan taun 2012[11].
Puseur konservasi nu utama di Indonésia di antarana aya di Tanjung Puting di Kalimantan Tengah, Kutai di Kalimantan Wétan, Gunung Palung di Kalimantan Kulon, jeung Bukit Lawang di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser (wates antara Acéh jeung Sumatra Kalér. Di Malaysia, wilayah konservasina nyaéta Semenggok di Sarawak jeung Suaka Orang Utan Sepilok deukeut Sandakan di Sabah.
Rujukan
édit- ↑ a b Groves, Colin (16 Nopémber 2005). D.E. Wilson jeung D.M. Reeder (éd.), ed. Mammal Species of the World (Éd. ka-3 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- ↑ Supriatna, Jatna (2008). Melestarikan alam Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 24. ISBN 9789794616963. Diakses tanggal (disungsi – 7 Peb 2021).
- ↑ "Sumatran Orangutan Society". Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01. Archived 2006-11-14 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Roads through rainforest threaten our cultured cousins". 2003.
- ↑ "Orangutan Language Project". Think Tank Research Projects. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-20. Archived 2009-03-18 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Rijksen, H. D. (Désémber 1978). "A Field Study on Sumatran Orang Utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Lesson 1827): Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation". The Quarterly Review of Biology 53 (4). http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(197812)53%3A4%3C493%3AAFSOSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4.
- ↑ Eudey, A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group (2000). Pongo pygmaeus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Dipulut ping 2006-08-25.
- ↑ Eudey, A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group (2000). Pongo abelii. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Dipulut ping 2006-05-11. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
- ↑ Rijksen, H.D. and Meijaard, E. (1999). Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang-utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Text " Dordrecht " ignored (bantuan)
- ↑ http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/oil_for_ape_summary.pdf
- ↑ http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2042243,00.html
Tumbu kaluar
édit| Wikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung Pongo. |
| Wikispecies mibanda émbaran ngeunaan: Ponginae |
| Wikispecies mibanda émbaran ngeunaan: Pongo |
Émbaran umum
- Primate Info Net Pongo Factsheet
- Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species Archived 2010-01-05 di Wayback Machine
- OrionSociety.org Archived 2007-02-08 di Wayback Machine - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words? Do We?'
- Orang utan language project Archived 2009-03-18 di Wayback Machine
- Facial Expression & Vocalizations
- Dr. Francine Neago Archived 2016-02-03 di Wayback Machine Directed world's first orangutan language study.
Panyalindungan orang utan
- Orangutan Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated to "support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest."
- The Orangutan Network - Documents Orangutan cultural variation / traditions and also conservation efforts
- Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outréach in Indonésia.
- Preserving orangutans and their habitat Archived 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine. Orangutan Language.
Di Kalimantan
- The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
- The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) - Australia
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation UK Part of a worldwide group dedicated to saving and preserving Orangutans in Bornéo
- WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative - The WWF's information about the Héart of Bornéo - 220,000 km² of upland montane tropical rainforest, where endangered species such as the orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival
- Orangutan Tropical Peatland Research Project Archived 2007-05-05 di Wayback Machine non-profit organization dedicated to studying and conserving orangutans in the Sebangau National Park,. Kalimantan."
Di Sumatra
- Sumatran Orangutan Society International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans
- Sumatra Orangutan Conservation Program A program under PanEco which reintroduces captured orangutans in the wilds among many other projects in Sumatra.
Poto jeung vidéo
- Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center Photos Archived 2007-08-16 di Wayback Machine - Photos from a rehabilitation center in Bornéo, Malaysia
- ARKive - images and movies of the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) Archived 2007-09-10 di Wayback Machine
- ARKive - images and movies of the Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii) Archived 2006-04-14 di Wayback Machine
- Orangutan Rehabilitation Center in Sepilok, Sandakan - Photos and vidéos of the oldest Orangutan Rehabilitation Center in the world
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