Oray bedul
Oray bedul | |
---|---|
Status konservasi | |
Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
Domain: | |
Karajaan: | |
Filum: | |
Kelas: | |
Ordo: | |
Subordo: | |
Kulawarga: | |
Subfamili: | |
Génus: | Ophiophagus Günther, 1864
|
Spésiés: | Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836
|
██ Peta persebaran | |
Sinonim | |
Genus:
|
Oray bedul; Ophiophagus hannah; (Bahasa Inggris: King cobra) nyaéta hiji spésiés oray anu peurahna matih kalawan pangawakanna panjang.[2] Ieu oray maneuh di sawaréh India nepi ka Asia Tenggara.[2] Oray ieu mangrupakeun salahsahiji réptil nasional India.[3] Ieu oray mibanda ngaran daérah kayaning : "tedung selor"; "tedung selar" (Melayu), sarta ula anang / dumung enthong (Jawa).[4]
Taksonomi
éditHamadryas hannah téh ngaran ilmiah anu munggaran dipaké ku naturalis Theodore Edward Cantor dina tahun 1836 anu ngaguar 4 spésimén oray bedul, tilu spésimén dipibanda ti Sundarban, India, sarta hiji spésimén dipibanda ti Kolkata.[5] Takson Naja bungarus diusulkeun ku Hermann Schlegel dina taun 1837 anu ngadéskripsikeun spésimén oray bedul ti Jawa.[6] Takson genus Ophiophagus diusulkan ku Albert Günther dina taun 1864.[7] Takson ieu dumasar kana kabiasaan oray sok ngahakan oray séjénna.[8]
Ciri mandiri
éditPanjang awak oray bedul téh ilaharna ti mimiti 3.18 nepi ka 4 méter. Spésimén pangpanjangna anu kungsi kapanggih tayalian 5.85 méter.[9] Jaluna leuwih badag batan bikangna.
Awak palebah luhurna (dorsal) kelirna zaitun, coklat semu konéng, aya ogé kulawu, palebah huluna katempo kelirna leuwih béngras. Awak palebah handapna (ventral) kelirna kulawu nepika semu coklat, palebah beuheungna semu konéng paselang jeung borontok hideung. Dina oray anu ngora kénéh, kelir awakna leuwih poék nepika semu hideung, kalawan paselang jeung belang-belang leutik kelir bodas atawa semu konéng. Sok sanajan kitu, ieu belang-belang téh masih kénéh katempo nepika mangsa déwasa, sanajan ngan saukur ngalangkang wungkul.[10][11]
Hulu oray bedul ukuranna kawilang badag teu pati monyong tur katempo bentelu. henteu kawas oray séjéna, di satukangeun sisit palebah embun-embunna mibanda sapasang perisai oksipital ukuranna gedé. Perisai labial (biwir) lobana 7 siki, sawaréh nepi ka palebah panonna. Pupil matana buleud tur gedé. Sisit-sisit dorsal aya 15 jajar di tengah awakna. Sisit ventral lobana 215 nepi ka 262 siki. Sisit anal nunggal, sisit-sisit subkaudal lobana 80 nepi ka 120 buah, sawaréhna ngawangun sisit nunggal sawaréhna mangrupa sisit anu papasangan.[10]
Sebaran jeung ékologi
éditOray bedul loba kapanggih hirup di sawaréh India (Maharashtra, Karnataka (Dandeli), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Bengal kulon, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, sarta Kapulauan Andaman), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladésh, Myanmar, Cina (Fukien, Kwangtung, Hong Kong, Kwangsi, Hainan, Yunnan, SW Sichuan, Tibet), Laos, Viétnam, Kamboja, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapura, Indonésia (Sumatra, Kapuloan. Mentawai, Riau, Bangka-Belitung, Jawa, Bali, Kalimantan), jeung philipina (Balabac, Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Cebu, Bohol, Samar).[12]
Oray bedul hirup di daérah landeuh nepi ka tonggohna 1800 méter dpl. Habitat utamana ngalimpudan leuweung, rawa-rawa, sabangsaning rungkun, kebon jeung sawah, malahan sakapeung kapanggih hirup di sabudeuren imah. Ieu oray ilaharna nyayang ngaliang di jero taneuh, tumpukan batu, rungkun anu hieum, aya ogé dina sela-sela akar tatangkalan.[13] Oray bedul utamana mikaresep tempat saperti kebon awi jeung leuweung babakoan.[14]
Kabiasaan hirup
éditOray bedul dipikanyaho salaku sato diurnal tayalian ngider unggal poé, sanjan kitu ari peuting mah ieu oray téh arang ka panggih ngider.[2]
Kahakanan
éditOray bedul geus kasohor salaku oray anu sok ngahakan oray séjén, kaasup oray anu mibanda peurah. Spésiés oray anu sok dihakan ku oray bedul kayaning kobra India, krait, oray beurit, Rhabdophis, oray cai, malahan ngakan anak oray sanca.[15] sagigireun ngakan oray séjén, oray bedul ogé sok ngahakan rupa-rupa kadal, beurit, sarta manuk. Sabada ngakan mangsa anu kawilang gedé, ieu oray bisa hirup sababara bulan kahareup bari jeung teu baranghakan. Ieu ku ayana metabolisme dina awakna anu ngendoran/ngalilaan.[2][16]
Pertahanan diri
éditOray bedul dianggap henteu agresif.[10] Ilaharna bakal nyingkah lamun ngarasa ka ganggu, tapi kanyhoan bakal agresif mangsa keur ngajaga sayang jeung endogna. Mangsa keur ngarasa kaancam, ieu oray bris campego/ngangkat huluna nepi ka kawas nangtung, beuheugna ngarubakan kawas séndok kawas kobra, disada ngajéos bari jeung nembongkeun sihungna. Mangsa macok, ieu oray bakal nahan pacokanna bari ngégél salila dalapan menit.[15]
Baranahan
éditOray bedul mangsa baranahan sok nyieun sayang tina tumpukan daun garing, ilaharna di kebon awi (numpukeun daun awi garing).[17][18] Sayangna ditempatkeun dina handapeun tatangkalan, ngagunduk nepika jangkungna 55 cm (0.55 méter) rubakna nepi ka 140 cm (1.4 méter) pada bagian dasarnya. Sayang ieu sahenteuna aya sarohangan pikeun oray ngendog (ovipar).[19] Lobana endog oray bedul timimiti 7 nepi ka 43 siki, kalayan 6 nepika 38 siki bisa mengar sabada si sileungleuman 66 nepi ka 105 poé. Temperatur di jero sayang gumantung kana élevasina mimiti 13.5 nepi ka 37.4 °C. Oray anu bikangna baris ngajaga sayangna salila dua nepi ka 77 poé. Anak oray anu kakara megar mibanda panjang awakna kurang leuwih 37.5 nepi ka 58.5 cm tur beuratna ti 9 nepi ka 38 gram.[17]
Galeri
édit-
Ular lanang mengembangkan lehernya
-
Close-up kepala
-
Foto tubuh bagian atas hingga ekor (tanpa kepala)
-
Ular muda
-
Tampilan leher belakang ular muda
-
Ular lanang, spesimen di Kebun Binatang Bandung, Jawa Barat
-
Ular lanang, spesimen di pameran Reptiles du Monde, Palexpo, Geneva 2014
Peurah
éditOray bedul ieu kagolongkeun oray sendok anu mibanda peurah. Peurahna mibanda sitotoksin jeung neurotoksin, kaasup dijerona alfa-neurotoksin sarta Three-finger toxin.[20][21][22][23] Kandungan peurah séjéna baris ngabalukarkeun kardiotoksin.[24]
Peurah oray ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun kana sistem saraf korban anu dipacok, baris ngarasa kacida nyeri, tetempoan ranyany (blurred vision), vertigo, tunduh, jeung paralisis. Korban baris tilar dunya dina waktu 30 menit sabada di pacok.[25]
Dicutat tina
édit- ↑ a b Stuart, B.; Wogan, G.; Grismer, L.; Auliya, M.; Inger, R.F.; Lilley, R.; Chan-Ard, T.; Thy, N. et al. (2012). "Ophiophagus hannah". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2012: e.T177540A1491874. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T177540A1491874.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/177540/1491874. Diakses pada 20 November 2021.
- ↑ a b c d Mehrtens, J. (1987). "King Cobra, Hamadryad (Ophiophagus hannah)". Living Snakes of the World. New York: Sterling. p. 263–. ISBN 0-8069-6461-8.
- ↑ "King Cobra – National Reptile of India". indiamapped. Archived 2018-01-17 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Marc Sabatier, Herve Kovacic, Delavar Shahbazzadeh, Jing-Lin Wang, Zhijian Cao, Patrick Michael McNutt, Heike Wulff, Yuri N. Utkin, Jean (2022). Venoms, Animal and Microbial Toxins, Volume IIMarc Sabatier, Herve Kovacic, Delavar Shahbazzadeh, Jing-Lin Wang, Zhijian Cao, Patrick Michael McNutt, Heike Wulff, Yuri N. Utkin. Jakarta: Frontiers Media SA. p. 23. ISBN 9782832501146. Disungsi17 Mei 2024
- ↑ Cantor, T. E. (1836). "Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar teeth". Asiatic Researches 19: 87−93. https://archive.org/stream/asiaticresearche181836cal#page/86/mode/2up.
- ↑ Schlegel, H. (1837). "Le Naja Bongare. N. bungarus". Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Amsterdam: Schonekat. p. 476.
- ↑ Günther, A. C. L. G. (1864). "Ophiophagus, Gthr.". The Reptiles of British India. London: Ray Society. pp. 340−342.
- ↑ O'Shea, Mark. Venomous Snakes of the World. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 96-97. ISBN 978-0-691-12436-0.
- ↑ Chanhome, L.; Cox, M. J.; Vasaruchapong, T.; Chaiyabutr, N.; Sitprija, V. (2011). "Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand". Asian Biomedicine 5 (3): 311–328.
- ↑ a b c Tweedie, M.W.F. 1983. The Snakes of Malaya. The Singapore National Printers. Singapore. p.38.
- ↑ Stuebing, R.B. & R.F. Inger. 1999. A Field Guide to The Snakes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo). Kota Kinabalu. p. 199-201. ISBN 983-812-031-6
- ↑ Salah ngutip: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaNRDB
- ↑ David, P and G. Vogel. 1996. The Snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history. Edition Chimaira. Frankfurt. p.148-149. ISBN 3-930612-08-9
- ↑ About Animal: King Cobra
- ↑ a b Wall, F. (1924). "The Hamadryad or King Cobra Naja hannah (Cantor)". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 30 (1): 189–195. https://archive.org/details/journalof301219241925bomb/page/n271.
- ↑ Coborn, J. (1991). The Atlas of Snakes of the World. TFH Publications. pp. 30, 452. ISBN 978-0-86622-749-0.
- ↑ a b Whitaker, N.; Shankar, P. G.; Whitaker, R. (2013). "Nesting ecology of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in India". Hamadryad 36 (2): 101–107. http://www.academia.edu/download/32064158/Whitaker_et_al_Nesting_Ecology_of_the_King_Cobra_(Ophiophagus_hannah)_in_India.pdf.[tumbu nonaktif][tutumbu nonaktip permanén]
- ↑ King Cobra :: Riverbanks Zoo & Garden
- ↑ Hrima, V. L.; Sailo, V. H.; Fanai, Z.; Lalronunga, S.; Lalrinchhana, C. (2014). "Nesting ecology of the King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah, (Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae) in Aizawl District, Mizoram, India". Di Lalnuntluanga; Zothanzama, J.; Lalramliana; Lalduhthlana; Lalremsanga, H. T. Issues and Trends of Wildlife Conservation in Northeast India. Aizawl: Mizo Academy of Sciences. pp. 268–274. ISBN 9788192432175.
- ↑ Chang, L.-S.; Liou, J.-C.; Lin, S.-R.; Huang, H.-B. (2002). "Purification and characterization of a neurotoxin from the venom of Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra)". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 294 (3): 574–578. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00518-1. PMID 12056805.
- ↑ He, Y. Y.; Lee, W. H.; Zhang, Y. (2004). "Cloning and purification of alpha-neurotoxins from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)". Toxicon 44 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.003. PMID 15302536.
- ↑ Li, J.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J.; Xu, K. (2006). "Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins". Biochemical Journal 398 (2): 233–342. doi:10.1042/BJ20060004. PMC 1550305. PMID 16689684. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1550305.
- ↑ Roy, A.; Zhou, X.; Chong, M. Z.; d'Hoedt, D.; Foo, C. S.; Rajagopalan, N.; Nirthanan, S.; Bertrand, D. et al. (2010). "Structural and Functional Characterization of a Novel Homodimeric Three-finger Neurotoxin from the Venom of Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (11): 8302–8315. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.074161. PMC 2832981. PMID 20071329. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2832981.
- ↑ Rajagopalan, N.; Pung, Y. F.; Zhu, Y. Z.; Wong, P. T. H.; Kumar, P. P.; Kini, R. M. (2007). "β-Cardiotoxin: A new three-finger toxin from Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra) venom with beta-blocker activity". The FASEB Journal 21 (13): 3685–3695. doi:10.1096/fj.07-8658com. PMID 17616557.
- ↑ Tin-Myint; Rai-Mra; Maung-Chit; Tun-Pe; Warrell, D. (1991). "Bites by the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar: Successful treatment of severe neurotoxic envenoming". The Quarterly Journal of Medicine 80 (293): 751–762. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068624. PMID 1754675.
Tutumbu kaluar
édit- Cantor, 1836 : Sketch of undescribed hooded serpent with fangs and maxillar teeth. Asiatic Researches, Calcutta, , Citakan:P..
- Günther, 1864 : The reptiles of British India. Citakan:P. (lihat teks).
- 'Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) (TSN {{{ID}}}). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dibuka ping [[{{{date}}}]] [[{{{year}}}]].
- Citakan:NRDB species
- Ular Asli Indonesia: Ular anang
- Ophiophagus hannah Research and Information
- Australian Reptile Park: King Cobra Archived 2020-02-07 di Wayback Machine
- King Cobra | Saint Louis Zoo Archived 2022-05-26 di Wayback Machine
- King Cobra | Riverbanks Zoo & Garden