Supa acung
Supa acung | |
---|---|
Phallus indusiatus | |
Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
Karajaan: | Fungi
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Divisi: | Basidiomycota
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Kelas: | Agaricomycetes
|
Ordo: | Phallales
|
Kulawarga: | Phallaceae
|
Génus: | Schizophyllum
|
Spésiés: | Phallus indusiatus
|
Sinonim | |
Daptar
|
Supa acung ; Phallus indusiatus dina basa Inggris disebut bamboo mushrooms, bamboo pith; long net stinkhorn, crinoline stinkhorn aya ogé veiled lady, nyaéta supa anu asalna tina kulawarga Phallaceae, atawa stinkhorns. [1] Ieu supa loba kapanggih hirup di daérah tropis, kayaning di Asia Kidul, Afrika, Amérika, sareng Australia, di mana éta supa hirup di leuweung sareng kebon anu di jero taneuhna loba mibanda kai anu bobo tur geus buruk.
Ciri mandiri
éditIeu supa mibanda ciri anu mandiri tayalian tiungna anu ngawujud kawas locéng sarta bijil kulambu (indusium) kawas rok awéwé ngagantung tina handapeunana, ngagapuy ampir ngangsar kana taneuh .
Ieu supa mimiti didadarkeun sacara ilmiah dina taun 1798 ku ahli botani urang Prancis; Étienne Pierre Ventenat, spésiésna remen disebut kana genus anu misah Dictyophora babarengan jeung anu séjén Phallus spésiés anu sarua nembongkeun indusium. P. indusiatus tiasa dibédakeun tina spésiés anu sami bédana dina tataran biologi, ukuran, kelir, sareng panjang indusium.
Supa anu geus déwasa jangkungna nepi ka 25 cm (10 in) kalayan rubak tiungna/topina anu kawas locéng/pileus 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in) . Kedokna ditutupan ku spora semu héjo, ieu dipikaresep pisan ku laleur sarta gegeremet anu ngahakan spora. Ieu supa tiasa didahar, ngeunaan hal ieu tos diguar salaku bahan sayuran jeung kadaharan dina catetan bangsa Cina /Chinese cuisine. Tayalian diasakan kujalan digoréng atawa dicampur sareng sop hayam. Supa ieu, dipelak sacara komérsial sareng loba dijual di supermarket di Nagara-nagara "Asia, ieu supa euyeub ku protéin, karbohidrat, jeung dietary fiber. Supa ieu ogé ngandung sagala rupa sanyawa bioaktif, sareng gaduh pasipatan antioksidan jeung antimikroba. Phallus indusiatus ngabogaan sajarah anu kacatet kagunaan salaku ubar di Nagara Cina saméméh abad ka-7, Maséhi.
Sajarah taksonomi
éditPhallus indusiatus mimitina diguar ku naturalis Perancis Étienne Pierre Ventenat dina taun 1798,[2] sareng nami anu sangsi kénéh ku Christiaan Hendrik Persoon dina 1801.[3] Saurang pangarang sacara anonim masihan kesan-kesan na ngeunaan pamanggih Ventenat dina publikasina taun 1800:
Ieu spésiés supa anu éndah, mibanda ciri mandiri pikeun ngabédakeun unggal individu tina kelas anu sanés, hirup di Guyana Walanda, kurang leuwih 300 léngkah ti laut, sareng ampir dugi ka belah kénca walungan Surinam. Éta dikomunikasikeun ka kuring ku kokolot Vaillant,[N 1] Saha anu mendakanana di 1755 dina sababaraha taneuh anu tara kungsi kaséblok ku ombak anu luhur, sareng diwangun ku keusik bodas anu alus pisan, ditutupan ku lapisan taneuh anu ipis. Kuantitas anu luar biasa pikeun jalma ti spésiés ieu anu tumuh dina waktos anu sami, jaman anu béda pisan tina ékspansi aranjeunna, jaman anu béda pisan tina ékspansi sumbangan, némbongkeun prospék anu saé pisan.[4]
Ieu supa teras disimpen dina genus énggal, Dictyophora, dina taun 1809 ku Nicaise Auguste Desvaux;[5] éta teras dipiwanoh mangtaun-taun salaku Dictyophora indusiata.[6] Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck disimpen spésiésna di Hymenophallus dina 1817, salaku H. indusiatus.[7] Duanana antukna dipulangkeun ka sinonim Phallus sareng spésiésna ayeuna dipiwanoh deui ku nami aslina.[8][6]
Curtis Gates Lloyd dijelaskeun dina variety rochesterensis taun 1909, asalna salaku spésiés énggal, Phallus rochesterensis. Éta aya di Kew, Australia.[9]Kalayan wujud indusium mibanda kelir kayas dilaporkeun ku Vincenzo de Cesati dina 1879 salaku Hymenophallus roseus, sareng teras disebat Dictyophora indusiata f. rosea Ku Yosio Kobayasi dina taun 1965;[10] éta sinonim sareng Phallus cinnabarinus .[11] Hiji takson dijelaskeun dina 1936 salaku Dictyophora lutea[12] sarta dipiwanoh sababaraha taun salaku Dictyophora indusiata f. lutea , D. indusiata f. aurantiaca , atanapi Phallus indusiatus f. citrinus , sacara formal dipindahkeun ka Phallus di 2008 salaku spésiés anu béda, Phallus luteus.[13]
Nami botani asalna tina kecap Latin indūsǐātus, hartina "maké baju jero".[14] Tilas nami generik Dictyophora asalna tina kecap Yunani kuno δίκτυον (diktyon, "net"), and φέρω (pherō, "to bear"), hence "bearing a net".[5][15]
Phallus indusiatus mibanda loba ngaran, aya anu dumasar kana rupana, kaasup panjangna kulambu/stinkhorn, crinoline stinkhorn,[16] karinjang stinkhorn,[17] supa tiung panganten,[18] sareng jilbab/tiung awéwé. Dina basa Jepang ngaranna (衣笠茸 or キヌガサタケ Kinugasatake?), asalna tina kecap kinugasa, nunjul kana topi lega-brimmed anu katempo kawas tiung sutra ngagantung pikeun nyumput sareng nyibuatan anu makéna.[19] Dina basa Cina ngaran umum ieu supa nunjul kana habitatna: "bamboo mushroom" (Tionghoa basajan: 竹荪; Tionghoa tradisional : 竹蓀; pinyin: zhúsūn).[20]
Ciri anu mandiri
édit.
Supa anu ngora kénéh P. indusiatus mimitina wujudna kawas endog dugi ka buleud, anu tayalian ieu téh peridium atawa bungkus spora/pibiniheun. Kelirna bodas, sakapeung aya ogé anu semu beureum. Gedé buleudan/ diaméterna 6 cm (2.4 in), sareng biasana ngagaduhan mycelial cord kandel anu napel dina handapeunna.[17]
Nalika supa parantos asak/kolot, tekenan anu disababkeun ku struktur internal anu ngagedéan nyababkeun peridium nepi ka luhur sareng awak buah/tangkal gancang bijil tina "endog". Supa anu geus asak/kolot mibanda ukuran dugi ka 25 cm (9.8 in) jangkungna, kalawan mibanda lamad indusium (kawas rok) anu ngagantung tina handapeun tiung/congcotna. Bukaan netlike tina indusium tiasa ngawujud poligonal atanapi ngawujud buleud.[21]
Spesimen anu dikembangkeun kalayan saé ngagaduhan indusium anu dugi ka volva sareng suar sakedik sateuacan lesot dina gagang.[22] Rubak tutup atawa tiung 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in), sarta mibanda zat anu kaangseu na bau. Luhureun tutup aya liang leutik.[17]
Panjang gagangan 7–25 cm (2.8–9.8 in),[21] sarta kandelna 1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in). Tangkalna bodas, rubakna kurang leuwih sarua jeung panjangna, sakapeung melengkung, hampos kawas busa. Ieu peridium baris lalesotan tina tangkalna.[17]
Awak buah ngembang/ngagedéan nalika wengi,[23] waktu anu dibutuhkeun pikeun mangkak kurang leuwih 10–15 jam, saatos bijil tina peridium.[24] Hirupna teu lila paling ngan sababaraha poé.[23]. us), sareng ukuran 2-3 ku 1–1.5 μm.[25]
Spésiés anu sami
éditPhallus multicolor saliwat mah katempo sarimbag, pédah mibanda tiung anu katempona leuwih béngras, ukuran indusiumn ilaharna langkung leutik. Éta aya di Australia, Guam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Zaire, jeung Tobago [26] ogé Hawaii. Topi spésiés Indo-Pasipik P. merulinus katempo leueur nalika ditutupan gleba, sareng pias tur karijut saatosna gleba pareum. Sabalikna, tutup liar tina mah P. indusiatus ngagaduhan réklikasi anu jelas anu tetep katingali jelas handapeun gleba. Ogé, indusium tina P. merulinus langkung lemes sareng langkung pondok tibatan P. indusiatus, anu matak moal matak runtuh alatan kabeuratan.[27]
Biasa di Amérika Kalér wétan sareng Jepang, ogé kapanggih hirup.[28] Spésiésna P. duplicatus ngagaduhan indusium anu ngagantung langkung alit 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) ti handapeun tutupna, sareng sakapeung lésot tina gagangna.[29]
Kapendak di Asia, Australia, Hawaii, kidul Mexico, sareng Amérika Tengah sareng Amérika Kidul,[11] P. cinnabarinus grows to 13 cm (5.1 in) jangkung, sareng ngagaduhan bau anu langkung nyereng tibatan P. indusiatus. Éta bauna ngondang laleur tina genus Lucilia (kulawarga Calliphoridae), aya ogé lalay tina genus Musca sok ngadeukeutan éta supa P. indusiatus.[30] P. echinovolvatus, geus diguar di nagara Cina dina taun 1988, raket patalina sareng P. indusiatus, tapi tiasa dibédakeun ku volvana anu spiky/mancung (echinulate) , suhu tempat hirup anu pikaresep langkung luhur tina 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F).[31] P. luteus, asalna dianggap salaku P. indusiatus, boga cap retikulasi konéng, indusium konéng, sareng kayas janten peridium ungu beureum sareng rhizomorphs. Éta aya di Asia sareng Mexico.[13]
Ékologi sareng tempat hirup
éditPhallus indusiatus loba kapanggih hirup di wewengkon tropical, kaasup Afrika (Congo,[22] Nigeria,[32] Uganda,[33] sareng Zaire[34]) Amerika kalér (Brazil[25] Guyana,[35] sareng Venezuela[36]), America tengah (Costa Rica),[37] and Tobago.[38] Di Amérika Kalér, kisaranana dugi ka Mexico.[39] Lokalitas Asia kalebet Indonésia, Nepal, Malaysia,[40] India,[9] Cina Kidul, Jepang,[23] sareng Taiwan.[41] Éta ogé parantos dikumpulkeun di Australia.[42]
Sarua jeung spésiés Phallus lianna, P. indusiatus nyaéta saprobik - nurunkeun nutrisi tina ngarobog kai sareng melak zat organik. Tangkalna sakapeung hirup nyorangan sanajan kitu aya ogé dina wujud dapuran, dina taneuh anu mibanda potongan kai di jerona. Di Asia, éta tuwuh dina leuweung awj, jeung ilaharna jaradi saatos hujan ageung.[23][43] Cara réproduksi pikeun stinkhorn, kalebet P. indusiatus, bénten sareng anu sanésna agaric supa, anu mana sorana haliber /forcibly eject. Stinkhorn malah ngahasilkeun jisim spora anu napel dina awakna, ngahasilkeun sickly-sweet bau tina carrion.[44] Seungitna tina spora anu asak - tiasa kaangseu tina jarak anu jauh - matak pikaresepeun pikeun gegeremet anu sok ngakuan sporana.[23] Spésiés anu kacatet kalebet kana stingless bees tina genus Trigona,[45] sareng lalay tina kulawarga Drosophilidae jeung Muscidae. Gegeremet ngabantosan ngaliarkeun spora ku nyéépkeun gleba sareng nyimpen kotoran anu ngandung spora germinate di tempat séjén.[23] Sanaos kagunaan tina indusium henteu dipikaterang sacara pasti, éta sacara visual tiasa ngadatangkeun gegeremet anu kataji ku bauna, sareng tiasa jadi tarajé pikeun gegeremet ngarayap Nepi ka gleba/luhur.[46]
Kuliner sareng budidaya
éditDi Asia wétan, P. indusiatus dianggap ngeunah sareng hiji aphrodisiac.[47] Saméméhna ngan ukur ngala/ngumpulkeun ti alam liar, di mana henteu tiasa seueur, éta sesah pikeun dipulut. Kurangna supa hartosna éta biasana disimpen kanggo acara-acara khusus. Dina jaman Cina Dinasti Qing, spésiésna dikumpulkeun di provinsi Yunnan sareng dikirim ka Kota Larang/Istana Kaisar pikeun nyugemakeun tuangeun Permaisuri Dowager Cixi, anu resep pisan nuang rupa-rupa supa anu tiasa didahar.[48] Éta mangrupikeun salah sahiji tina dalapan bahan anu diulas tina "Sarang Burung Kadalapan Dalapan Kalanggengan" dilayanan dina pésta pikeun ngarayakeun ulang taun ka 60 na. Piring ieu, dilayanan ku katurunan ti Kulawarga Confucius dina hajatan sareng pésta umur panjang, ngandung bahan-bahan anu "sadaya tuangeun anu mahal, ngeunah ti darat sareng laut, seger, lembut, sareng garing, pantes amis sareng asin".[49]
Pamakéan anu kasohor anu séjén nyaéta jamuan nagara anu diayakeun pikeun diplomat Amérika Henry Kissinger dina kunjungan ka Cina pikeun ngawangun deui hubungan diplomatik dina awal taun 1970an.[50] Hiji sumber nyerat: "Éta supa ngagaduhan tékstur anu hipu sareng leuleus, seungit sareng pikaresepeun, wujudna seger, sareng karaos garing."[51] Supa anu garing, biasa dijual di supermarket jeung pasar di Asia, diolah ku jalan ngahidrasi atawa dikeueuman heula atanapi dibaseuhan dina cai dugi ka leuleus deui.[52] Sakapeung diasakan kujalan digoréng, remen dimangpaatkeun salaku campuran sop hayam.[53] .[54]
Phallus indusiatus parantos cultivated dina skala komérsial di Cina ti saprak 1979.[50] Di Provinsi Fujian Cina - dipikaterang ku industri supa anu maju dugi ka ngokolakeun 45 spésiés supa anu tiasa didahar - "P. indusiatus dihasilkeun di kabupatén Fuan, Jianou, sareng Ningde.[55] Kamajuan dina widang budidaya ieu parantos ngajantenkeun harga supa langkung mirah sareng hasil panén langkung seueur; taun 1998, kurang leuwih 1,100 metric tons (1,100 long tons; 1,200 short tons) anu dihasilkeun ti Nagara China.[16] Harga di Hong Kong sakilo sup garing ngahontal US $770 in 1982, tapi parantos turun ka US $100–200 by 1988. Ku majuna téhnologi nyababkeun éta harga ragrag langkung jauh ka US $10–20 by 2000.[50]
Supa dipelak dina limbah tatanén — runtah-awi anu ditutupan ku lapisan ipis tina taneuh anu henteu disterilkeun. Suhu optimal pikeun tumuh supa spawn jeung awak buah kurang leuwih 24 °C (75 °F), kalayan kaayaan beueus/lembab/ humidity dina 90–95%.[56] Substrat (biologi) anu tiasa dianggo pikeun ngokolakeun jamur kalebet daun awi sareng régangna, cangkang atanapi tangkal kadelé, tangkal jagong, sareng daun willow.[57]
Analisis gizi P. indusiatus nunjukkeun yén awak buah mibanda langkung ti 90% cai, sakitar 6% fiber, 4,8% protéin, 4,7% fat/gajih, sareng sababaraha unsur mineral, kalebet kalsium, sanajan kitu komposisi mineral anu dipibanda tiasa gumantung kana konséntrasi anu pakait dina substrat mangsa hirupna.[58]
Carita rakyat
éditNumutkeun ka étnomikologis R. Gordon Wasson, P. indusiatus ieu supa tos ilahar dikonsumsi di Méksiko divinatory dina hiji upacara alatan wujudna anu sugestif. Di nagara séjén, New Guinea pribumina nganggap ieu supa suci.[59] Di Nigeria, supa mangrupikeun salah sahiji sababaraha bau anu dibéré nami Akufodewa ku Urang Yoruba. Ngaranna diturunkeun tina gabungan basa Yoruba tina kecap ku ("die"), fun ("for"), ode ("tukang moro"), jeung wa ("milarian"), alatan tukang moro mangsa harita sok salah ngangseu bau- bau supa éta kawas bau sato udagan anu geus paéh.[60] Yoruba parantos dilaporkeun nganggona ieu supa salaku hiji sarat pikeun Jampé sangkan mangsana moro henteu pinanggih jeung bahaya. Di bagian sanés Nigeria, aranjeunna parantos dianggo dina nyiapkeun pesona anu ngabahayakeun ku kelompok etnis sapertos urang Urhobo jeung Ibibio urang. Urang Igbo beulah wétan-tengah Nigeria disebut stinkhorn éró ḿma, tina Igbo kecap pikeun "supa" sareng "kageulisan".[32]
Pasipatan biologis
éditSipat ubar parantos dipasihkeun Phallus indusiatus ti jaman Dynasty Tang di Cina, nalika éta dijelaskeun dina pharmacopoeia. Supa dianggo pikeun ngubaran seueur peradangan | radang, nyeri beuteung, jeung [[neurological/ saraf. Tiongkok Kidul Urang Miao ngamangoaatkeun sacara tradisional pikeun sababaraha kasakit, kaasup raheut, batuk, disentri, enteritis, leukemia, kalawan parantos diresépkeun sacara klinis salaku ubar pikeun laringitis, leucorrhea, muriang, sareng oliguria (hésé kahampangan), diare, hipertensi, batuk , hyperlipidemia, sareng dina terapi antikanker.[61] Élmu modéren parantos niténan dasar biokimia tina kauntungan ubar putative ieu.
Awak buah tina jamur ngandung aktip sacara biologis polysaccharides. A β-D-glucan called T-5-N and prepared from alkaline extracts[62] has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.[63] Struktur kimia na mangrupikeun ranté tulang tonggong anu linier anu seueur didamelna α-1→3 linked D-mannopyranosyl residues, kalayan ngambah tina 1→6 linked D-mannopyrosyl residues.[64] Polisakarida ngagaduhan aktivitas penekanan ngalawan tumor (subcutaneously) implanted sarcoma 180 (a transplantable, non-metastasizing jaringan konéktif tumor sering dianggo dina panilitian) dina beurit.[63][65]
Bahan kimia sanés dipikaresep ogé kapendak P. indusiatus tayalian hydroxymethylfurfural,[66] anu parantos narik perhatian salaku tyrosinase panghambat. Tyrosinase catalyzes léngkah awal tina melanogenesis dina mamalia, [67][66] P. indusiatus ogé ngandung ribonuclease unik (hiji énzim anu ngepak RNA kana komponén anu langkung alit) ngagaduhan sababaraha ciri biokimia anu ngabédakeun tina ribonuklease supa anu dipikaterang.[68] Dua novel sesquiterpene s, dictyophorine A sareng B, parantos dikenalkeun tina awak buah jamur. Sanyawa ieu, dumasar kana kerangka eudesmane (struktur umum anu aya dina rasa tur parfum anu diturunkeun ku pepelakan), anu mimiti eudesmane derivatives diisolasi tina jamur sareng dipendakan pikeun ngamajukeun sintésis faktor pertumbuhan saraf dina sél astroglial s.[69] Senyawa anu aya hubunganana anu diisolasi sareng diidentifikasi tina jamur kalebet tilu turunan quinazoline (kelas sanyawa anu jarang di alam), dictyoquinazol A, B, sareng C.[70] Bahan kimia ieu ditingalikeun dina tés laboratorium ngagaduhan pangaruh pelindung kana berbudaya beurit neuron s anu parantos kakeunaan neurotoxin s.[71]Total sintésis pikeun dictyoquinazols dilaporkeun dina 2007.[72]
Jamur parantos lami dipikaterang ngagaduhan sipat antibakteri: nambahkeun supa kana kuah sop dipikaterang pikeun nyegah sangkan teu ruksak sahenteuna pikeun sababaraha dinten.[73] Salah sahiji antibiotik anu tanggung jawab, albaflavenone, diisolasi dina 2011. Éta mangrupikeun sesquiterpenoid anu parantos dipikaterang tina baktéri taneuh 'Streptomyces albidoflavus.[73] Ékspérimén nunjukkeun yén ekstrak 'P. indusiatus ngagaduhan antioksidan salian ti sipat antimikrobial.[74]
Publikasi dina taun 2001 International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms diusahakeun pikeun nangtoskeun khasiatna salaku aphrodisiac. Dina parcobaan ngalibetkeun genep belas awéwé, genep urang ngalaporkeun cenah pangalaman tina syahwat hampang bari ngambeu awak buah, sareng sapuluh anu sanés, anu nampi dosis anu langkung alit, dilaporkeun diri ayana ngaronjat haté karasa leuwih janglar. Sadayana dua puluh lalaki anu diuji dianggap bau anu teu raoseun. Panilitianana ngagunakeun awak buah anu aya di Hawaii, sanés ragam anu tiasa didahar anu dibudidayakan di Cina.[75] Panilitian parantos nampi kritik. Hiji cara pikeun ngahontal orgasme instan bakal dipiharep bakal langkung perhatian sareng seueur usaha pikeun baranahan pangaruhna, tapi teu aya anu hasil. Teu aya jurnal ilmiah utama anu nerbitkeun panilitian, sareng teu aya panilitian anu hasilna parantos diréproduksi.[76][77]
Dicutat tina
éditCatetan
édit- ↑ Bapana Ventenat langkung kawéntar François Levaillant, salaku anu resep ngalalana sareng ornithologist, ogé mangrupikeun sodagar Metz anu janten konsul Perancis di Guyana Belanda dugi ka 1763.
Béréndélan cutatan
édit- ↑ Heyne, K. (1913). DE NUTTIGE PLANTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDIË. Library New York Botanical Garden: RUYGROK & Co BATAVIA. p. 11. Diakses tanggal (disungsi) 25 Mei 2021.
- ↑ Ventenat ÉP. (1798). "Dissertation sur le genre Phallus" (dalam bahasa fr). Mémoires de l'institut National des Sciences et Arts 1: 503–23. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k32166/f590.image.
- ↑ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum [Synopsis of a Methodology of Mushrooms] (dalam Latin). Göttingen, Germany: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 244.
- ↑ Anonymous (1800). "XXVII. A dissertation on the genus Phallus, by M. Ventenat". The Critical Review, or, Annals of Literature (London, UK) 13: 501–2. https://books.google.com/books?id=c8YPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA502.
- ↑ a b Desvaux NA. (1809). "Observations sur quelques genres à établir dans la famille des champignons" (dalam bahasa fr). Journal de Botanique (Desvaux) 2: 88–105. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8071459.
- ↑ a b Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ↑ Nees von Esenbeck CDG. (1817). System der Pilze und Schwämme [System of Mushrooms and Fungi] (dalam German). Würzburg, Germany: In der Stahelschen buchhandlung. p. 251.
- ↑ "Hymenophallus indusiatus (Vent.) Nees 1817". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Diakses tanggal 2010-10-19.
- ↑ a b Lloyd CG. (1909). "Synopsis of the known phalloids". Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica (13): 1–96. https://archive.org/stream/bulletinlloydli00musegoog#page/n106/mode/2up.
- ↑ "Dictyophora indusiata f. rosea (Ces.) Kobayasi 1965". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-13.
- ↑ a b Kuo M. (April 2011). "Phallus cinnabarinus". MushroomExpert.com. Diakses tanggal 2012-09-13.
- ↑ "Notes sur les Phallidés de Chine" (dalam bahasa fr). Chinese Journal of Botany 1: 83–95. 1936.
- ↑ a b Kayua T. (2008). "Phallus luteus comb. nov., a new taxonomic treatment of a tropical phalloid fungus". Mycotaxon 106: 7–13. Diarsipkan on 2015-09-24. Kesalahan: If you specify
|archivedate=
, you must also specify|archiveurl=
. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0106/0007.htm. Diakses pada 2012-08-25. - ↑ Simpson DP. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London, UK: Cassell. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ↑ Liddell HG, Scott R (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon (9th unabridged ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ↑ a b Hall (2003), p. 19.
- ↑ a b c d Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 770. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ↑ Habtemariam S. (2019). "The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of the Edible Mushroom Dictyophora indusiata (Vent ex. Pers.) Fischer (Synn. Phallus indusiatus)". Biomedicines 7 (4): 98. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7040098. PMC 6966625. PMID 31842442. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6966625.
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. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0067/002/0311.htm. Diakses pada 2012-09-12. - ↑ "Structural characteristics and antioxidative capability of the soluble polysaccharides present in Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex Pers.) Fish Phallaceae". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011: 396013. 2011. doi:10.1093/ecam/neq041. PMC 3136395. PMID 21799678. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/396013.pdf.
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. http://www.kib.ac.cn/jgsz/kyxt/zwhx/zhzlxz/200909/P020090917651746189987.pdf. Archived 2011-07-07 di Wayback Machine - ↑ "Total synthesis of neuroprotective dictyoquinazol A, B, and C". Synthetic Communications 37 (19): 3311–17. 2007. doi:10.1080/00397910701489537.
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- ↑ Expedition Ecstasy: Sniffing Out The Truth About Hawai‘i’s Orgasm-Inducing Mushroom Archived 2019-10-25 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Can a Rare Hawaiian Mushroom Really Give Women a "Spontaneous Orgasm"?
Baca ogé
édit- Chang S-T, Miles PG (2004). "Dictyophora, formerly for the few". Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 343–56. ISBN 0-8493-1043-1. doi:10.1201/9780203492086.ch18.
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- Hu D. (2005) Chinese food culture and mushroom . Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University and Research Centre, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, LEI BV. (Report). Archived 2012-03-14 di Wayback Machine
Tutumbu ka luar
éditWikimedia Commons mibanda média séjénna nu patali jeung Phallus indusiatus . |
- YouTube Time-lapse video of P. indusiatus growth